The Onset of Photophosphorylation in Chloroplasts Isolated From Developing Bean Leaves

Gyldenholm, A. O.; Whatley, F. R.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1968.tb05475.x

Cited by 65 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The electron transport reactions of plastids from developing leaves could be examined with artificial electron donors specific for PS2, but such experiments have not been reported. However, the conclusion by Gyldenholm and Whatley (8) that PS1 appears before PS2 in develop-ment is confirmed by the work on the intact leaves reported here.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Attempts have also been made to correlate structural changes of the plastids developing in the leaves with the appearance of photosynthetic activities of plastid preparations isolated from the leaves (1,8). It has generally been concluded that a good correlation exists between the development of Hill activity of the plastids from higher plants and the development of grana in the plastids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Development of Photophosphorylation and Photosynthesis in Greening Bean Leaves

Oelze‐Karow

Butler

1971

Plant Physiol.

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Photophosphorylation and oxygen evolution were measured in 8-day-old dark-grown bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris) after various times of greening in far red light and in white light. The sequence of development was the same for both greening regimes, but the processes were much more rapid in white light. The capacity for photophosphorylation, as assayed by the firefly luciferase assay, appeared after 12 hours in far red light. At this stage and for times up to 24 hours, photophosphorylation was not inhibited by 10-M 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. At 24 hours, the capacity for oxygen evolution appeared and photophosphorylation became partially inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,l.dimethylurea at concentrations which inhibited oxygen evolution. In white light photophosphorylation appeared after 15 minutes, and oxygen evolution at one hour. Photophosphorylation became partially sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1 , 1-dimethylurea when oxygen evolution appeared. Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone inhibited photophosphorylation and photosynthesis at low concentrations, 10' M, with immature leaves, but the leaves developed resistance to carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl. hydrazone as they greened.A previous study (4) capacity for oxygen evolution indicated that a high degree of synchrony was maintained in the developing plastids even though the development time was prolonged.In the previous paper (4) no attempt was made to distinguish between the onset of oxygen evolution and photophosphorylation or to differentiate between cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation. In the present paper we show that cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation can be distinguished in the intact leaves during development and that cyclic photophosphorylation appears well before noncyclic photophosphorylation. The onset of noncyclic photophosphorylation is coincident with the onset of oxygen evolution. This sequence of appearance occurs with leaves greened in white light as well but over much shorter periods of time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris cultivar Topcrop (W.Atlee Burpee Co., Riverside, Calif.) were used for all experiments. The conditions of growth and far red light source were the same as described previously (4). The temperature in darkness was 20 C; in light, 25 C. Greening experiments were made with far red light with 12-hr light, 12-hr dark irradiation cycles (4); with continuous far red illumination; and with continuous white light. The source of white light for greening consisted of 4 cool-white lamps (General Electric F40CW) giving 4 X 10' ergs cm' sec1 at the plants.The chlorophyll a and b contents of the leaves were determined spectrophotometrically according to the method of Ogawa and Shibata (15). Extractions were carried out under green light.The phosphorylation capacity of the leaves was determined by the firefly luciferase assay (9, 16). At selected stages of greening, primary leaves were taken and cut into 10 segments (4 to 9 mm') under green safelight. Five of t...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Photophosphorylation and Photosynthesis in Greening Bean Leaves

Oelze‐Karow

Butler

1971

Plant Physiol.

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“…Ziegler and Ziegler (1965) have reported that the illumination of several green leaves stimulates the synthesis of this enzyme and they deduced that its synthesis required the presence of photosynthetically formed ATP and NADPH. As NADP-linked triosephosphate dehydrogenase was not synthesized in greening bean leaves until they were capable of the photo-formation of both ATP and NADPH (Gyldenholm and Whatley, 1968;Wallis and Bradbeer, 1969, in preparation) a similar control mechanism may be in operation. However the possible role of phytochrome 730 in the synthesis of this enzyme has not been ruled out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to a transfer to continuous illumination at this stage, the etioplasts develop into chloroplasts in a synchronous manner, chlorophyll is synthesized, the leaves become capable of photosynthesis and leaf expansion is completed (Virgin, Kahn and von Wettstein, 1963;Gyldenholm, 1968). Gyldenholm and Whatley (1968) have described the development of photophosphorylative and photoreductive activities in the plastids of greening bean leaves. The present account concerns a parallel investigation of the levels of activity of the individual enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon cycle during the course of the greening of etiolated bean leaves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Activities of the Photosynthetic Carbon Cycle Enzymes of Greening Bean Leaves

Bradbeer

1969

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYAfter the transfer of 14-day old dark-grown bean seedlings into continuous illumination the etioplasts of the primary leaves develop into chloroplasts in a synchronous manner. Levels of activity in the leaves of most of the enzymes which have been implicated in the photosynthetic carbon cycle have been determined during the first 45 hours of chloroplast development. All of the enzymes investigated were present in etiolated leaves and the activities of most of them increased in response to illumination. One of the early effects of illumination was a rise in the protein content of the leaves, the level of which continued to rise throughout the 45 hours of illumination. Increases in the activity of some of the enzymes, notably phosphoglycerate kinase, fructosediphosphate aldolase, transketolase, NAD-linked triosephosphate dehydrogenase and triosephosphate isomerase, appeared to begin soon after the commencement of illumination. The onset of light-induced increases in the activities of ribosephosphate isomerase, phosphoribulokinase and ribulosediphosphate carboxylase, showed lag periods of similar duration to the 'positive' photoresponse described by Mohr (1966). The longer lag period before an increase of NADP-Iinked triosephosphate dehydrogenase occurred is consistent with the suggestion of Ziegler and Ziegler (1965) that photosynthetically formed ATP and NADPH may be essential prerequisites for the synthesis of this enzyme. Possible mechanisms of control of the enzyme levels are discussed.The data do not provide any evidence in support of the participation of phosphopyruvate carboxylase, hexosediphosphatase and transaldolase in an important role in connection with the photosynthetic carbon cycle of bean leaves.

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“…i) and as insoluble protein, including membrane protein, accounted for about 20% of the protein of dark-grown leaves (Bradbeer, 1973) the total possible increase of membrane protein amounted to about 460 /ig, a value which is well in excess of the estimated formation of plastid membrane protein. Although much plastid membrane formation occurs during dark growth the resultant etioplasts are unable to catalyse photo-phosphorylation until they have been exposed to a substantial period of illumination (Gyldenholm and Whatley, 1968).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN PRIMARY LEAVES OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS

et al. 1974

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Summary By the use of light and electron microscopy a quantitative investigation has been made of plastid membrane formation in the primary leaves of bean plants, during germination and growth in the dark. From 4 to 14 days of dark growth there was an eleven‐fold increase in cell number and a twenty‐six‐fold increase in plastid number per leaf. Formation of plastid envelope membrane between 6 and 14 days of dark growth amounted to 98 cm2 of membrane per leaf while the corresponding formation of internal plastid membrane was 272 cm2 per leaf. This internal plastid membrane appears to be formed, at least during the early stages of leaf growth, by the invagination of the inner envelope membrane. When a substantial amount of the thylakoid membrane has accumulated in the plastid a condensation process takes place to give the pro‐lamellar body, which is a structure composed of branching membrane tubules. Calculations based on the dimensions of these tubules have established that 1 μ3 of prolamellar body contains about 44 μ2 of membrane. Dark‐grown leaves have been found to contain all of the enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon cycle. The course of development, during dark growth, has been determined for the activities of eight enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon cycle and for two enzymes of the cytoplasm.

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The Onset of Photophosphorylation in Chloroplasts Isolated From Developing Bean Leaves

Cited by 65 publications

References 12 publications

The Development of Photophosphorylation and Photosynthesis in Greening Bean Leaves

The Development of Photophosphorylation and Photosynthesis in Greening Bean Leaves

The Activities of the Photosynthetic Carbon Cycle Enzymes of Greening Bean Leaves

PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN PRIMARY LEAVES OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS

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