The Olivo-Cerebellar System as a Neural Clock

Ashe, James; Bushara, Khalaf

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1782-2_9

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…The finding supports models of sensory-motor timing in humans that propose that the IO provides information for monitoring absolute time (Teki et al, 2012;Ashe and Bushara, 2014). Those models are based on the findings of strong IO activation triggered by deviations in the expected timing of sensory events (Teki et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…One alternative possibility is that more precise temporal information is encoded by phase differences between populations of oscillatory IO neurons (Welsh et al, 1995; Welsh and Llinás, 1997;Jacobson et al, 2008). In this case, temporal codes in the primate cerebellar cortex would only be evident using large-scale recording of the CF responses of thousands of PCs using methods that have been implemented at small scale in rodents (Welsh et al, 1995;Ozden et al, 2009, De Gruijl et al, 2014.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrical Coupling and Synchronized Subthreshold Oscillations in the Inferior Olive of the Rhesus Macaque

Turecek¹,

Han²,

Carlson

et al. 2016

J. Neurosci.

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Inferior olive (IO) neurons are critical for motor coordination and exhibit oscillations in membrane potential that are subthreshold for spiking. The prevalence, coherence, and continuity of those subthreshold oscillations (STOs) depend upon resonant interactions between neighboring neurons supported by electrical coupling. Many studies of the olivocerebellar system in rodents, in which STOs were related to tremor, whisking, and licking, fueled a debate over whether IO STOs were relevant for primates whose repertoire of movement is generally less periodic. The debate was never well informed due to the lack of a direct examination of the physiological properties of primate IO neurons. Here, we obtained dual patch-clamp recordings of neighboring IO neurons from young adult macaques in brainstem slices and compared them to identical recordings from rats. Macaque IO neurons exhibited an equivalent prevalence of continuous STOs as rats (45 vs 54%, respectively). However, macaque STOs were slower (1-4 Hz) and did not overlap with the dominant 4 -9 Hz frequency of rats. The slower STO frequency of macaques was at least partially due to a prolonged membrane time constant and increased membrane capacitance that could be attributed to stronger electrical coupling and greater total dendritic length. The presence of synchronized STOs in the IO of adult macaques, coincident with strong and prevalent electrical coupling, answers a fundamental outstanding question in cerebellar neuroscience and is consistent with a prominent role for synchronized oscillation in primate sensory-motor control.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Coupling and Synchronized Subthreshold Oscillations in the Inferior Olive of the Rhesus Macaque

Turecek¹,

Han²,

Carlson

et al. 2016

J. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Therefore, in case of a varying external force input the adapting system has to anticipate the prospective change. Some research indicates that in particular a circuit between the cerebellum and the ION is involved in this forward controlling process [32,38,40,41,50,51]. This circuitry seems to be of special relevance for the characteristics of force profile applied by the tester during the MMT and will be discussed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Manual Muscle Testing – Force Profiles and Their Reproducibility

Bittmann

Dech

Aehle

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The manual muscle test (MMT) is a flexible diagnostic tool, which is used in many disciplines, applied in several ways. The main problem is the subjectivity of the test. The MMT in the version of a “break test” depends on the tester’s force rise and the patient’s ability to resist the applied force. As a first step, the investigation of the reproducibility of the testers’ force profiles is required for valid application. The study examined the force profiles of n=29 testers (n=9 experiences (Exp), n=8 little experienced (LitExp), n =12 beginners (Beg)). The testers performed 10 MMTs according to the test of hip flexors, but against a fixed leg to exclude the patient’s reaction. A handheld device recorded the temporal course of the applied force. The results show significant differences between Exp and Beg concerning the starting force (padj=0.029), the ratio of starting to maximum force (padj=0.005) and the normalized mean Euclidean distances between the 10 trials (padj=0.015). The slope is significantly higher in Exp vs. LitExp (p=0.006) and Beg (p=0.005). The results also indicate that experienced testers show inter-tester differences and partly even a low intra-tester reproducibility. That highlights the necessity of an objective MMT-assessment. Furthermore, an agreement on a standardized force profile is required – a suggestion is given.

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“…PCs receive a massive convergence of inputs from parallel fibres, a factor which allows an integration of neural information from distinct sources. The activities of complex spikes following discharges in the inferior olivary complex are viewed as a teaching signal (trial-and-error during a learning process) or a motor clock signal which provides a rhythmic neural signal used to time motor processes for time perception to production of timed movements [ 47 – 49 ]. Others have suggested that complex spikes exert a synchronization effect in the cerebellar cortex, both within and between the cerebellar microcomplexes [ 50 ].…”

Section: The Role Of the Cerebellum In Motion Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mystery of the cerebellum: clues from experimental and clinical observations

et al. 2018

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The cerebellum has a striking homogeneous cytoarchitecture and participates in both motor and non-motor domains. Indeed, a wealth of evidence from neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, neuroimaging and clinical studies has substantially modified our traditional view on the cerebellum as a sole calibrator of sensorimotor functions. Despite the major advances of the last four decades of cerebellar research, outstanding questions remain regarding the mechanisms and functions of the cerebellar circuitry. We discuss major clues from both experimental and clinical studies, with a focus on rodent models in fear behaviour, on the role of the cerebellum in motor control, on cerebellar contributions to timing and our appraisal of the pathogenesis of cerebellar tremor. The cerebellum occupies a central position to optimize behaviour, motor control, timing procedures and to prevent body oscillations. More than ever, the cerebellum is now considered as a major actor on the scene of disorders affecting the CNS, extending from motor disorders to cognitive and affective disorders. However, the respective roles of the mossy fibres, the climbing fibres, cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei remains unknown or partially known at best in most cases. Research is now moving towards a better definition of the roles of cerebellar modules and microzones. This will impact on the management of cerebellar disorders.

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The Olivo-Cerebellar System as a Neural Clock

Cited by 17 publications

References 58 publications

Electrical Coupling and Synchronized Subthreshold Oscillations in the Inferior Olive of the Rhesus Macaque

Electrical Coupling and Synchronized Subthreshold Oscillations in the Inferior Olive of the Rhesus Macaque

Manual Muscle Testing – Force Profiles and Their Reproducibility

The mystery of the cerebellum: clues from experimental and clinical observations

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