The occurrence of polyenoic fatty acids with greater than 22 carbon atoms in mammalian spermatozoa

Poulos, A.; Sharp, P.; Johnson, David W.; White, I. G.; Fellenberg, A. J.

doi:10.1042/bj2400891

Cited by 89 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…LC-PUFAs of sperm were significantly altered in a variety of livestock species including both mammals (bull, boar (Poulos et al, 1986)) and birds (chickens, ducks, turkeys (Surai et al, 1998)) by dietary supplementation. Increasing PUFA sources in the diet resulted in a concomitant increase in n-3 fatty acids of sperm lipid and semen quality in boars (Rooke et al, 2001;Mitre et al, 2004) cockerels and stallions (Brinsko et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on characteristics and lipid composition of ovine sperm

Samadian

Towhidi

Rezayazdi

et al. 2010

Animal

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The fatty acid composition of sperm affects the fertilization rate. The objective was to investigate the effects of dietary fish oil (as a source of n-3 fatty acids) on semen quality and sperm fatty acid composition in sheep. Eight Zandi fat-tailed rams were randomly allocated into two groups and fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with fish oil. Both diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and were fed for 13 weeks, starting in the middle of the breeding season. Semen samples were collected weekly and their characteristics evaluated by standard methods, whereas samples collected at the start and end of the study were assessed (gas chromatography) for sperm lipid composition. Mean (6s.e.m.) sperm concentrations (4.3 3 10 9 6 1.3 3 10 8 v. 3.9 3 10 9 6 1.3 3 10 8 sperm/ml and percentages of motile (77.25 6 3.34 v. 60.8 6 3.34) and progressively motile sperm (74.13 6 1.69 v. 62.69 6 1.69) were significantly higher in the fish oil group than control. Dietary fish oil increased the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) in sperm fatty acid composition. We concluded that feeding fish oil as a source of n-3 fatty acids attenuated seasonal declines in semen quality in rams, perhaps through increased DHA in sperm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on characteristics and lipid composition of ovine sperm

Samadian

Towhidi

Rezayazdi

et al. 2010

Animal

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“…Also, elongation products of HUFAs are present in sphingolipids ( 14 ) and make up to 5% of total fatty acids in sperm ( 33 ), implying importance of HUFAs and their products in male fertility. However, a traditional HUFA depletion model was unable to unequivocally demonstrate the essentiality because of accompanying growth retardation and dermatitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of FADS2 gene in mice impairs male reproduction and causes dermal and intestinal ulceration

Stroud

Nara

Roqueta‐Rivera

et al. 2009

Journal of Lipid Research

158

135

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This article is available online at http://www.jlr.org identifi ed as essential fatty acids that must be consumed in the diet. Once consumed, however, LA and ALA can both be desaturated and elongated into more highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as arachidonic (AA), docosapentaenoic (DPA n-6), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids via the pathway shown in Fig. 1A . Delta-6 desaturase (D6D) performs the fi rst and rate-limiting step in this process, as well as the last step of desaturation for DHA and DPA n-6 synthesis. The D6D gene FADS2 was cloned in 1999 ( 2 ), and subsequently, a human case of D6D deficiency was identifi ed ( 3 ). The patient exhibited growth retardation accompanied by skin abnormalities, corneal ulceration, and feeding intolerance. Treatment with dietary AA and DHA restored normal growth and eliminated most other symptoms, underscoring the importance of the endogenous synthesis of these HUFAs.AA is a precursor to a host of signaling molecules known as eicosanoids, which include thromboxanes, leukotrienes, prostacyclins, and prostaglandins produced from the oxygenation of AA by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. However, the symptoms of classic essential fatty acid defi ciency, growth retardation and dermatitis ( 1 ), are attributed to a loss of LA, not AA or eicosanoids. Because LA is an essential component of skin ceramides, LA defi ciency results in the disruption of the skin's water barrier function ( 4 ) and heat loss from skin ( 5 ). These side effects make investigation of AA defi ciency impossible by dietary manipulation without complications from LA defi ciency.DHA is found in large amounts in the retina, brain, and testes ( 6, 7 ). The role of DHA has been largely thought to be structural, increasing the fl uidity of cellular memAbstract Delta-6 desaturase (D6D) catalyzes the fi rst step in the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as arachidonic (AA), docosapentaenoic (DPAn-6), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, as well as the last desaturation of DPAn-6 and DHA. We created D6D-null mice ( ؊ / ؊ ), which enabled us to study HUFA defi ciency without depleting their precursors. In ؊ / ؊ , no in vivo AA synthesis was detected after administration of [U-

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“…Results obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) show that ELOVL4 protein is indeed a component of a fatty acid elongation system that catalyzes synthesis of 28:0 and 30:0 VLC-FA and of C28-C38 VLC-PUFA, the latter being uniquely found in retina (28,29), sperm (29,30), and brain (31). We propose that these steps are important in these tissues for the local synthesis of VLC-PUFA (C28-C36) that are esterified into phosphatidylcholine in rod outer segment membranes and brain, or amidebound into sphingolipids and ceramides in germ cells (32) and sperm of some mammals (33).…”

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confidence: 99%

Role of Stargardt-3 macular dystrophy protein (ELOVL4) in the biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids

Agbaga

Brush

Mandal

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

242

346

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Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3) is a dominantly inherited juvenile macular degeneration that eventually leads to loss of vision. Three independent mutations causing STGD3 have been identified in exon six of a gene named Elongation of very long chain fatty acids 4 (ELOVL4). The ELOVL4 protein was predicted to be involved in fatty acid elongation, although evidence for this and the specific step(s) it may catalyze have remained elusive. Here, using a gain-of-function approach, we provide direct and compelling evidence that ELOVL4 is required for the synthesis of C28 and C30 saturated fatty acids (VLC-FA) and of C28-C38 very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA), the latter being uniquely expressed in retina, sperm, and brain. Rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and a human retinal epithelium cell line (ARPE-19) were transduced with recombinant adenovirus type 5 carrying mouse Elovl4 and supplemented with 24:0, 20:5n3, or 22:5n3. The 24:0 was elongated to 28:0 and 30:0; 20:5n3 and 22:5n3 were elongated to a series of C28-C38 PUFA. Because retinal degeneration is the only known phenotype in STGD3 disease, we propose that reduced VLC-PUFA in the retinas of these patients may be the cause of photoreceptor cell death.fatty acid biosynthesis ͉ macular degeneration T hree independent mutations in the last exon (exon-VI) of the ELOVL4 gene are associated with dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3) in humans (1-4). These mutations cause a frame-shift that introduces a stop codon, resulting in premature termination of the protein and removal of the signal sequence for targeting the protein to its putative cellular location, the endoplasmic reticulum (1, 4). As a result, the mutant protein mis-localizes and aggregates (3,5,6), and, when coexpressed with the wild type protein, the mutant and wild-type proteins associate and mis-localize (3, 7). Based on sequence homology with a group of functional yeast genes and other mammalian ELOVLs, the ELOVL4 protein was predicted to be involved in elongation of very long chain fatty acids (1,5,8). For example, the yeast microsomal Elo1p is responsible for elongation of carbon chains between 14:0 and 16:0 (9). Yeast Elo2p and Elo3p, and mammalian ELOVL1, 2, 3, and 5 have been shown to be involved in elongation of saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 18 to 26 carbons (10-12). However, a role for ELOVL4 protein in fatty acid elongation and the specific step(s) it may catalyze have remained elusive (13,14). Based on the abundant expression of ELOVL4 protein in photoreceptor cells of the retina (15-17) and to lesser extents in brain, testis, and skin (17), it was first hypothesized that ELOVL4 may be involved in the biosynthetic pathway of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3, DHA), the most abundant PUFA in the retina and the brain (1,16,18). A series of experiments carried out in our laboratory (unpublished data) does not support this hypothesis.Recent reports establish ELOVL4 as an essential protein for growth and development, as neonatal ...

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The occurrence of polyenoic fatty acids with greater than 22 carbon atoms in mammalian spermatozoa

Cited by 89 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on characteristics and lipid composition of ovine sperm

Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on characteristics and lipid composition of ovine sperm

Disruption of FADS2 gene in mice impairs male reproduction and causes dermal and intestinal ulceration

Role of Stargardt-3 macular dystrophy protein (ELOVL4) in the biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids

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