The Occurrence of Organohalides in Chlorinated Drinking Waters

Bellar, Thomas A.; Lichtenberg, James J.; Kröner, R.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1974.tb02129.x

Cited by 1,017 publications

(378 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In pool water approximately 50% of the total organic halogens are comprised by four groups of DBPs: Trihalomethane (THM), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and chloral hydrate (Brunet et al, 2010). THMs were the first carbon based DBP group to be detected in chlorinated drinking water (Bellar et al, 1974;Rook, 1974) and linked to NOM for their formation. Other DBP groups include HAAs (Cowman and Singer, 1996;HellerGrossman et al, 1993), HANs (Oliver, 1983), halonitromethanes (Thibaud et al, 1987), and haloketones (Suffet et al, 1976) have later been detected in chlorinated drinking water.…”

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Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

et al. 2012

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This study investigated the formation and predicted toxicity of different groups of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from human exudates in relation to chlorination of pool water at different pH values. Specifically, the formation of the DBP groups trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and trichloramine (NCl 3 ), resulting from the chlorination of body fluid analog, were investigated at 6.0 ≤ pH ≤ 8.0. Either the initial concentration of active chorine or free chlorine was kept constant in the tested pH range. THM formation was reduced by decreasing pH but HAN, and NCl 3 formation increased at decreasing pH whereas the formation of HAAs remained constant. Under our experimental conditions, the formation of NCl 3 (suspected asthma inducing compound) at pH = 6.0 was an order of magnitude higher than at pH = 7.5. Furthermore, the effect of the presence of bromide on DBP formation was investigated and found to follow the same pH dependency as without bromide present, with the overall DBP formation increasing, except for HAAs. Estimation of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the chlorinated human exudates showed that among the quantified DBP groups, HAN formation were responsible for the majority of the toxicity from the measured DBPs in both absence and presence of bromide.

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Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

et al. 2012

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“…In 1974 it was discovered that some DBPs are carcinogenic in laboratory animals (2,3). This raised public concern about the possible adverse health effects from exposure to DBPs, and in 1979 led the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to regulate the level of certain DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs), in the water supply.…”

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Use of mechanism-based structure-activity relationships analysis in carcinogenic potential ranking for drinking water disinfection by-products.

Woo

Lai

McLain

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

223

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Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed when disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramine, and ozone react with organic and inorganic matter in water. The observations that some DBPs such as trihalomethanes (THMs), di-/trichloroacetic acids, and 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) are carcinogenic in animal studies have raised public concern over the possible adverse health effects of DBPs. To date, several hundred DBPs have been identified. To prioritize research efforts, an in-depth, mechanism-based structure-activity relationship analysis, supplemented by extensive literature search for genotoxicity and other data, was conducted for ranking the carcinogenic potential of DBPs that met the following criteria: a) detected in actual drinking water samples, b) have insufficient cancer bioassay data for risk assessment, and c) have structural features/alerts or short-term predictive assays indicative of carcinogenic potential. A semiquantitative concern rating scale of low, marginal, low-moderate, moderate, high-moderate, and high was used along with delineation of scientific rationale. Of the 209 DBPs analyzed, 20 were of priority concern with a moderate or high-moderate rating. Of these, four were structural analogs of MX and five were haloalkanes that presumably will be controlled by existing and future THM regulations. The other eleven DBPs, which included halonitriles (6), haloketones (2), haloaldehyde (1), halonitroalkane (1), and dialdehyde (1), are suitable priority candidates for future carcinogenicity testing and/or mechanistic studies.

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“…• Estudos epidemiológicos -Diversos estudos epidemiológicos têm sido realizados 3,7,8,17,28,29,49 a fim de se correlacionar a incidência de diversos tipos de cân-cer e a presença de TAM na água de abastecimento. Os dados obtidos sugerem que existe uma alta probabilidade da relação entre câncer de bexiga, cólon e reto e a ingestão desses compostos.…”

Section: Espectro Dos Efeitos Tóxicosunclassified

“…No início da década de 70, descobriu-se que o clorofórmio e outros TAM eram produzidos durante a cloração da água 3,6,39 . Esta informação revestiu-se de grande importância em virtude da conclusão de um bioensaio sobre a carcinogenicidade do clorofórmio realizado pelo "National Cancer Institute" 39 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified