The nutritive value of non-milk proteins for the preruminant calf. The effect of replacement of milk protein by soya-bean flour or fish-protein concentrate

Abstract

1. Milk-substitute diets, in which 330-360 0.) or 610-700 (H) g/kg milk protein was replaced by protein from a thermo-alkali-treated soya-bean flour (SF) or from fish-protein concentrate (FPC), were compared in an experiment involving fifty Friesian calves, of which half were supplemented with a growth promoter, Grofas, known to have bacteriostatic properties. The liquid diets were fed ad lib. from 48 h of age until 136 kg live weight.2. Seven calves, given non-milk protein, died or were removed from the experiment. There was little difference between treatments in the incidence of diarrhoea or in other observations on health of surviving calves, but those given non-milk protein maintained a lower mean rectal temperature. 3. Weight gain was reduced, especially during the first 3 weeks of life, by inclusion of non-milk protein. The reduction was greater for SF than for FPC, and greater at the H level. Supplementation with Grofas improved weight gain for calves given non-milk protein, but tended to reduce that for calves given milk protein.4. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein was reduced when non-milk protein was used. The reduction was greatest at a young age, greater for SF than for FPC and greater at the H level. Apparent digestibility of fat was most markedly reduced with FPC, especially at 1 week of age, and was increased by Grofas supplementation. Digestibility of the carbohydrate in SF was low at 1 week but increased with age. Grofas supplementation caused a marked reduction in the disappearance of SF-carbohydrate in the alimentary tract. Apparent absorption of ash and calcium were reduced by non-milk protein, especially by FPC. The reduction in absorption of ash from SF was moderated by Grofas supplementation. Although Ca retention for calves given SF at the H level was very low, no bone defects were observed. 5. Nitrogen retention was slightly lower for calves given non-milk protein, but the efficiency of retention of apparently digested N was greater for calves given non-milk protein because of the much reduced urinary N excretion associated with a lower apparently digested N intake.6. Dressed-carcass weight and 'killing out' percentage were lower for calves given non-milk protein, especially SF at the H level. Adrenal weights were markedly increased by feeding SF especially at the H level.Pancreas weight was greater for calves given SF than for those given FPC.7. Weight of abomasal contents at slaughter was much lower for calves given non-milk protein. Weight of intestinal tissue and of total tissue in the alimentary tract were markedly increased by non-milk protein, especially by SF at the H level, and reduced by Grofas supplementation. The increased weight was associated with increased thickening of the walls of both the small and large intestine, which was possibly associated with hypertrophy of muscle cells.8. It is concluded that up to 360 g/kg milk protein could be replaced by protein from this thermo-alkalitreated SF, and up to 610g/kg milk protein from this FPC without markedly a...

Fish Protein Concentrate (Conmar 80) or Refined Soy Flour as Substitutes for Skim Milk Powder in Calf Milk Replacers

“…The digestibility of fish protein has been reported to be lower than that of milk proteins (Hellemond and Van Weerden 1973;Huber 1975;Matre 1977), and absorption of digested amino-acids less efficient (Roy et al 1977). Other deleterious factors such as toxicity and high unsaturated fatty acids which increase the requirement for vitamin E, have been associated with fish products in milk replacers (Genskow et al 1968;Makdani et al 1971;Michel et al 1972 (Ramsey and Willard 1975). There is evidence that a soluble, highquality fish protein can be used to replace part of the skim milk powder in milk replacers (Gorrill et al 1975 …”

Desempenho, mortalidade e escore fecal de bezerros aleitados com diferentes dietas líquidas e terapias de reidratação quando acometidos por diarreias

“…BERGEN, 1982;NITSAN et al, 1972;COBLENTZ et al, 1976;RAMSEY;WILLARD, 1975;ROY et al, 1977 VAN DIJK et al, 1988). As principais proteínas antigênicas são a glicina, a β-conglicina e provavelmente a α-conglicina (DAVIS; DRACKEY, 1998), representando 60%, aproximadamente, do conteúdo total de proteína implicado nestas reações (SISSONS, 1982).…”

“…Estes compostos promovem a síntese de prostaglandina e leucotrienos a partir do ácido araquidônico, mediante a estimulação dos receptores adrenérgicos ou como cofatores enzimáticos (LANDS, 1981;MALIK, 1988 (SISSONS, 1982;PEDERSEN;SISSONS, 1984;MONTAGNE et al, 1999;KILSHAW;SLADE, 1980 Mudanças fisiológicas também têm sido descritas na literatura, tais como diminuição do peso do abomaso (ROY et al, 1977;GUILLOTEAU et al, 1986) e aumento no peso intestinal (ROY et al, 1977). Este último se deve a hipertrofia das camadas de músculo liso (LALLÈS et al, 1996), o que faz com que as vilosidades tornem-se mais curtas e largas (BARRAT; STRACHAN; PORTER, 1979;PEDERSEN;SISSONS, 1984;MONTAGNE et al, 1999;ROY et al, 1977;LALLÈS et al, 1996;SEEGRABER;MORRILL, 1986 (LALLÈS et al, 1996).…”

“…A alternativa ao leite integral é a utilização de sucedâneo lácteo, o qual pode conter proteína de origem vegetal na sua composição, principalmente proteína de soja, como forma de diminuir o custo de alimentação . Embora a utilização deste tipo de produto possa atender as exigências nutricionais dos bezerros (OTTERBY; LINN, 1981), muitas vezes resultam em menor desempenho em comparação com o leite integral (CAMPOS; HUBER; BERGEN, 1982;NITSAN et al, 1972;COBLENTZ et al, 1976;RAMSEY;WILLARD, 1975;ROY et al, 1977).…”

“…Entretanto, o uso destes ingredientes tem resultado em menores desempenhos em comparação com o leite integral (CAMPOS; HUBER; BERGEN, 1982;NITSAN et al, 1972;COBLENTZ et al, 1976;RAMSEY;WILLARD, 1975;ROY et al, 1977). A inclusão destes produtos deve ser cautelosa devido a que o mal processamento ou inclusão excessiva dos mesmos pode reduzir o desempenho dos bezerros ou afetar negativamente a sua saúde.…”