The noteworthy chloride ions in reclaimed water: Harmful effects, concentration levels and control strategies

Evaluating the Impact of Cl2•– Generation on Antibiotic-Resistance Contamination Removal via UV/Peroxydisulfate

“…These water matrices typically contain substantial Cl − . 10,33,34 For instance, reported concentrations of Cl − in secondary effluents range from 0.003 to 0.1 M while in marine waters, the concentrations of Cl − can reach up to 0.5 M. 23,35 Literature indicates that in specific SO 4…”

“…At present, SO 4 •– -based disinfection processes have demonstrated effectiveness in the inactivation of ARB in secondary effluents, hospital wastewaters, and marine waters. These water matrices typically contain substantial Cl – . ,, For instance, reported concentrations of Cl – in secondary effluents range from 0.003 to 0.1 M while in marine waters, the concentrations of Cl – can reach up to 0.5 M. , Literature indicates that in specific SO 4 •– -based treatment procedures applied to secondary effluents, the concentration of Cl 2 •– is typically one to two orders of magnitude greater than that of the primary SO 4 •– . As the Cl – concentration increases to 0.5 M, there is nearly complete quenching of SO 4 •– by Cl – , resulting in the predominant formation of a Cl 2 •– system .…”

“…Particular attention should be given to Cl 2 •– . On the one hand, it is reported in the literature that in specific SO 4 •– -based treatment procedures applied to waters with Cl – concentration exceeding 0.003 M (the Cl – concentration in secondary effluents and hospital wastewaters is commonly higher than this threshold), the concentration of Cl 2 •– tends to be one order of magnitude higher than that of the primary SO 4 •– . ,, When the SO 4 •– -based AOPs are applied to marine waters (the Cl – concentration surpasses 0.5 M), the SO 4 •– can even be completely displaced. , On the other hand, Cl 2 •– exhibits a pronounced preference for compounds containing electron-rich functional groups, such as aromatic rings and amides (essential structural units of amino acids and deoxyribonucleosides), both reacting with Cl 2 •– at rates higher than 10 8 M –1 ·s –1 , but the considerably lower redox potential of Cl 2 •– compared with SO 4 •– presents a challenge when attempting to ascertain whether Cl 2 •– plays a beneficial or detrimental role during SO 4 •– -mediated ARB/ARGs treatment processes. − …”

Electroactivity Variable Valence NiFe Layered Double Hydroxyde for Cl− Removal through Electrically Switched Ion Exchange

“…[1] In agricultural production, the growth of some plants will be inhibited if the Cl À concentration in irrigation water exceeding 180 mg ⋅ L À 1 . [2] In industrial applications, excessive Cl À can corrode steel pipes and metallic equipment. [3] In daily life, the Cl À concentration in drinking water exceeding 500 mg ⋅ L À 1 will affect the normal metabolism of the human body.…”

“…[4] In addition, during the oxidation process, chloride may cause the formation of toxic chlorine-related organics. [2] Therefore, the removal of Cl À from wastewater is imperative. The common techniques used to remove Cl À from wastewater include ion exchange, [5] adsorption, [6] capacitive deionization, [7,8] electrodialysis [9,10] and chemical precipitation.…”