The nonius horopter—I. History and theory

Analytic expression for the horizontal horopter–revisited

“…Their model in particular gives a constant F which denotes the tangent of the angular displacement of the horopter from the fixation point, another constant M which denotes the skew of the horopter with respect to an objective fronto-parallel plane and a third constant C which denotes the curvature of the horopter where it crosses the visual axis of the fixating eye. Lastly, Shipley and Rawlings [7] give a simple formula which allows one to calculate when using the nonius criterion, the retinal disparity between any point on the horopter and some reference or fixation point. However, it should be underscored that all these formalisms depend upon the original Ogle formalism.…”

Effect of wavelength and the Stiles–Crawford effect on the Nonius horopter

“…Disparity curves were plotted for each wavelength using Shipley et al's [1] method and Ogle's [5] analysis was used to interpret the data. Subjects 2, 3 and 4 perceived the red horopter in front of the blue one and had positive chromostereopsis.…”

“…The horopter can be defined as locus of points in space that are imaged on corresponding retinal elements, which when stimulated gives rise to identical visual direction (IVD) [1]. These points on the retina are called corresponding points.…”

Human Factors of Stereoscopic 3D Displays

“…The horopter defi ned empirically by psychophysical measurements is not the horopter defi ned geometrically (Ogle, 1964 ;Shipley & Rawlings, 1970 ). The geometric horopter is called the Vieth -Muller circle, which passes through the nodal points of the two eyes and the point of fi xation (not shown in Fig.…”

“…The empirical horopter is based on several different criteria such as common perceived direction (nonius method) or the equidistant plane. The nonius horopter is the more appropriate measure from a physiological perspective (Shipley & Rawlings, 1970 ). Reference to the 'horopter' in this book will be referring to the nonius horopter.…”