The non-specular scattering of X-rays from thin films

Bindell, J. B.; Wainfan, N.

doi:10.1107/s0021889870006763

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The remaining off-specular scattering is the response of the scattering to the lateral structure or roughness of the various interfaces. The first models of off-specular scattering were derived by Wainfan et al 24 and Pynn. 25 (Further references to off-specular scattering are given in the Supporting Information.)…”

Section: ■ Adsorption Of Swollen Lamellar Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a feature is marked A in Figure 2(a) and this type of feature has also been observed in other unrelated multilayer systems. 26 For a single layer there are interference fringes along the streak 24,25 but here the multilayer structure leads to a unresolved streak of intensity which increases strongly at longer wavelengths as the Yoneda scattering is approached. Subsequent experiments on the adsorption of AOT at the sapphire-aqueous interface using grazing incidence small angle neutron scattering (GISANS), which measures the off-specular scattering directly, observed much weaker off-specular scattering.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first models of off-specular scattering were derived by Wainfan et al 24 value of Q z corresponding to a Bragg peak is characteristic of a strong but significantly conformal roughness of a multilayer system. Rough layers generate two further off-specular scattering components.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multilayering of Surfactant Systems at the Air–Dilute Aqueous Solution Interface

Thomas

Penfold

2015

Langmuir

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In the last 15 years there have been a number of observations of surfactants adsorbed at the air-water interface with structures more complicated than the expected single monolayer. These observations, mostly made by neutron or X-ray reflectivity, show structures varying from the usual monolayer to monolayer plus one or two additional bilayers to multilayer adsorption at the surface. These observations have been assembled in this article with a view to finding some common features between the very different systems and to relating them to aspects of the bulk solution phase behavior. It is argued that multilayering is primarily associated with wetting or prewetting of the air-water interface by phases in the bulk system, whose structures depend on an overall attractive force between the constituent units. Two such phases, whose formation is assumed to be partially driven by strong specific ion binding, are a concentrated lamellar phase that forms at low concentrations and a swollen lamellar phase that is not space-filling. Multilayering phenomena at the air-water interface then offer a delicate and easy means of studying the finer details of the incompletely understood attraction that leads to these two phases, as well as an interesting new means of self-assembling surface structures. In addition, multilayering is often associated with unusual wetting characteristics. Examples of systems discussed, and in some cases their bulk phase behavior, include surfactants with multivalent metal counterions, surfactants with oligomers and polymers, surfactant with hydrophobin, dichain surfactants, lung surfactant, and the unusual system of ethanolamine and stearic acid. Two situations where the air-water surface is deliberately held out of equilibrium are also assessed for features in common with the steady-state/equilibrium observations.

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Section: ■ Adsorption Of Swollen Lamellar Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multilayering of Surfactant Systems at the Air–Dilute Aqueous Solution Interface

Thomas

Penfold

2015

Langmuir

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“…Such a case is discussed in § 4. Models of non-specular scattering of this kind have been given by Vrij from light [44] and by Wainfan et a1 for x-rays [45].…”

Section: Non-specular Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of the specular reflection of neutrons to the study of surfaces and interfaces

Penfold

Thomas

1990

J. Phys.: Condens. Matter

578

491

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The application of the specular reflection of neutrons to the study of surface and interfaces is described. The theoretical and experimental background to the technique is presented. A range of recent experimental results in surface chemistry, solid films and surface magnetism is discussed. In surface chemistry the results include adsorption of surfactants at the air-solution interface, insoluble monolayers and polymers at the air-liquid interface, soap films and adsorption at the liquid-solid and liquid-liquid interfaces. In solid films results on Langmuir-Blodgett films, hard carbon films, polymer films and some semiconductor layers are discussed. In surface magnetism experimental data which illustrate the nature of magnetism in magnetic multilayers and ferromagnetic films, and which describe flux penetration in superconductors, are presented.

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