The NIH Toolbox: Overview of Development for Use with Hispanic Populations

Fox, Rina S.; Manly, Jennifer J.; Mungas, Dan M; Nowinski, Cindy J.; Roney, Ellen M.; Slotkin, Jerry

doi:10.1017/s1355617720000028

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Most of the measures used in our study derived from the Spanish-language version of the NIH Toolbox. These measures were evaluated for cultural appropriateness with Hispanics/Latinos living in the United States whose primary language was Spanish [ 68 ]. The assessment of the Spanish-language version of the NIH Toolbox showed good psychometric properties and supports its use to measure cognitive and behavioral functioning among Spanish-speaking individuals in the United States [ 69 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive and socio-emotional correlates of psychological well-being and mental health in Guatemalan adults

et al. 2021

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Background Little is known about associations of psychological and mental well-being with cognitive and socioemotional factors in low and middle-income countries, particularly among vulnerable populations born in adverse environments that may restrict developmental potential. This study aimed to examine the cognitive and socioemotional correlates of psychological well-being and mental health in a cohort of Guatemalan adults born in contexts of poverty and malnutrition. Methods From Dec 2017 to Apr 2019, data were collected from 704 women and 564 men ages 40–57 years living in four rural villages in eastern Guatemala and Guatemala City. We measured latent domains of psychological well-being, spirituality and religion, emotional support, and executive function using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Under a Structural Equation Modeling framework, we examined intercorrelations among latent domains and observed measures of intelligence and mental health. Results CFA supported the construct validity of factor structures in this population. Correlations of psychological well-being with spirituality and religion were moderate in women (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and men (r = 0.70, p < 0.001). Executive function was weakly correlated with psychological well-being in men (r = 0.23, p < 0.001) and showed no association in women. Correlations of psychological well-being with emotional support and IQ were weak in women (r = 0.34, and r = 0.15, respectively; p < 0.001 for both) and men (r = 0.35, and r = 0.25, respectively; p < 0.001 for both). Mental health and IQ were weakly correlated in men (r = 0.09, p < 0.05) and showed no association in women. Mental health showed weak correlations with emotional support (r = 0.18, p < 0.001 in women; r = 0.09, p < 0.05 in men), psychological well-being (r = 0.32 and r = 0.35, in women and men respectively; p < 0.001 for both) and showed no association with executive function in both sexes. Conclusions Of all examined factors, spirituality and religion made the greatest contribution to psychological well-being. These findings support the notion that in populations experiencing difficult circumstances, religion can perhaps make a greater contribution to well-being and aid coping. More research is needed to examine mediators of this association.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive and socio-emotional correlates of psychological well-being and mental health in Guatemalan adults

et al. 2021

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“…Participants completed the NIHTB-CB, which consists of seven tests: Two tests of crystallized cognition and five tests of fluid cognition, with English and Spanish versions (Fox et al, 2021;Gershon et al, 2013Gershon et al, , 2020Heaton et al, 2014). The tests of crystallized cognition include the Picture Vocabulary Test, which involves identifying a picture that corresponds to an aurally presented word; and the Oral Reading Recognition Test, which involves pronouncing words (i.e., in Spanish, the accents are removed; Gershon et al, 2014Gershon et al, , 2020. The tests of fluid cognition include two tests of executive functions (Zelazo et al, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harmonization of the English and Spanish versions of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery crystallized and fluid composite scores.

Karr¹,

Scott²,

Aghvinian³

et al. 2023

Neuropsychology

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Objective: The National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) has both English-and Spanish-language versions producing crystallized and fluid cognition composite scores. This study examined measurement invariance between languages of administration. If established, measurement invariance would indicate that the composite scores measure the same construct across languages and provide scores that can be meaningfully compared and harmonized in future analyses. Method: Participants from the NIHTB-CB normative sample included adults tested in English (n = 1,038; M = 49.1 years old, SD = 18.6) or Spanish (n = 408; M = 44.1 years old, SD = 16.7). Participants completed seven NIHTB-CB tests: Two measuring crystallized cognition and five measuring fluid cognition. Each test score was converted to an age-adjusted standard score or demographic-adjusted T score. A two-factor model (i.e., crystallized cognition and fluid cognition factors) was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Measurement invariance was evaluated by fitting the two-factor model for each language of administration and constraining model parameters to be equivalent across languages, testing configural, weak, strong, and strict models. Results: For age-adjusted and demographic-adjusted scores, the two-factor model fit adequately well, and each factor had adequate reliability among English-and Spanish-speaking participants. Strict invariance was established across languages of administration for both age-adjusted and demographic-adjusted scores. Conclusions: These findings support the harmonization of the Englishand Spanish-language NIHTB-CB crystallized and fluid composite scores, indicating that the composite scores measure the same constructs on the same scale. The results support future studies merging data from participants evaluated in both languages. Key PointsQuestion: Do the English-and Spanish-language versions of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery measure the same cognitive functions across languages of administration? Findings: The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery produces two composite scores, measuring crystallized cognition (e.g., language abilities) and fluid cognition (e.g., processing speed, visual memory, and executive functions). The analyses supported strict invariance for the composite scores, meaning the English-and Spanishlanguage versions of the battery produce scores that measure the same cognitive ability on the same scale across languages. Importance: These findings support future studies merging data from participants evaluated in both English and Spanish, allowing for larger and more linguistically diverse samples. Next Steps: These results apply to English-and Spanish-speaking adults residing within the United States, and future studies should evaluate whether harmonization is supported for other populations of English and Spanish speakers residing in different countries.

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“…Most measures were originally developed in English and then translated into Spanish using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy translation methodology (Bonomi et al, 1996; Cella et al, 1998; Eremenco et al, 2005; Lent et al, 1999), although the Cognition Battery language measures were effectively developed from scratch in Spanish. Detailed information regarding the cultural adaptation, linguistic translation, and overall development of the Spanish-language version of the NIH Toolbox is available elsewhere (Gershon et al, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and Validity of the Spanish-Language Version of the NIH Toolbox

et al. 2020

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The psychometric properties of the English-language NIH Toolbox for Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function (NIH Toolbox) have been examined in numerous populations. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Spanish-language NIH Toolbox. Participants were children aged 3 to 7 years and adults aged 18 to 85 years who took part in the NIH Toolbox norming study in Spanish. Results supported the internal consistency reliability of included measures. Test–retest reliability was strong for most tests, though it was weaker for the test of olfaction among children and the test of locomotion among adults. Spearman’s correlations and general linear models showed Spanish tests were often associated with age, sex, and education. Convergent validity for the two language measures that underwent more intensive development, evaluated via Spearman’s correlations with legacy measures, was strong. Results support using the Spanish-language NIH Toolbox to measure neurological and behavioral functioning among Spanish-speaking individuals in the United States.

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The NIH Toolbox: Overview of Development for Use with Hispanic Populations

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

Cognitive and socio-emotional correlates of psychological well-being and mental health in Guatemalan adults

Cognitive and socio-emotional correlates of psychological well-being and mental health in Guatemalan adults

Harmonization of the English and Spanish versions of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery crystallized and fluid composite scores.

Reliability and Validity of the Spanish-Language Version of the NIH Toolbox

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