The nexus of sectoral-based CO2 emissions and fiscal policy instruments in the light of Belt and Road Initiative

Investigating whether the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis holds for sectoral CO2 emissions: evidence from developed and developing countries

“…Our results regarding the electricity and heat production sector are consistent with the findings of Aslan et al (2018), showing that the EKC holds in the electrical sector in the USA. However, they are in contrast to the findings of Akbar et al (2021) who showed that Hausman test statistics (p-value shown in the parentheses) 0.92 (0.82) 2.33 (0.67) 1.75 (0.63) 3.27 (0.51) 0.07 (0.99) 0.93 (0.92) 1.76 (0.62) 0.88 (0.93) 6.07 (0.11) 3.30 (0.51) 1.24 (0.74) 1.13 (0.89) 2.88 (0.41) 1.57 (0.81) 1.17 (0.76) 1.37 (0.85) ***, **, and * denote significance at 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively For the manufacturing industries and construction sector and the agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector the estimated coefficients of the log of real GDP per capita and its square term are significantly positive and negative with the small threshold income level, which suggests that the income-emissions relationship is negative For the residential sector, the estimated coefficients of the log of real GDP per capita and its square term are significantly negative and positive with the large threshold income level, which suggests that the income-emissions relationship is negative For the transport sector, the estimated coefficients of the log of real GDP per capita and its square term are significantly positive and negative with the large threshold income level, which suggests that the income-emissions relationship is positive the economic growth drives the aggregate demand for energy in the belt and road initiative (BRI) countries, resulting in an elevated level of CO 2 emissions in the electricity and heat production sector. Concerning the commercial and public services sector, our results coincide with the findings of Hashmi et al (2020) regarding the service sector in Pakistan, and those of Azizalrahman and Hasyimi (2019) regarding the commercial sector of upper-middle-income countries.…”

Striving towards sustainable development: how environmental degradation and energy efficiency interact with health expenditures in SAARC countries

“…Gross domestic product has been considered a variable for economic growth in GDP per capita growth annual percentage as many scholars like 2020), Khan et al (2021), andSun et al (2021). FDI, net inflows used as FDI as previously researchers used in their studies (Akbar et al 2021a) (Charfeddine and Kahia 2019). Health expenditures per capita current US dollars have been taken in the study (Akbar et al 2020;Rahman and Khanam 2018;Ullah et al 2020).…”

Green Fiscal Policy Mechanisms for a Low–Carbon Ecosystem: A Developing Country Assessment

“…Akbar et al [1] used Dynamical multiple linear regression and completely adjusted regression analysis to estimate the effect of fiscal policy tools, sustainable growth, and FDI on sector specific emission levels in BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) nations from 2000 to 2018. They discovered a substantial link between fiscal policy devices, per capita GDP, FDI, and Carbon intensity in the manufacturing, electricity, and transport industries.…”

“…Global warming is a worldwide phenomenon, although its severity is felt most acutely in underdeveloped countries. However, it has been observed that the concentration of CO 2 (Carbon dioxide) and other greenhouse gases contributes to global warming [1]. Carbon pollution is an atmospheric component that depletes the ozone layer.…”