The new IAEA reference material: IAEA-434 technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) in phosphogypsum

Fallout radionuclide tracers identify a switch in sediment sources and transport-limited sediment yield following wildfire in a eucalypt forest

“…The material was then ground to a fine powder in a ring mill, cast in a polyester resin matrix, and analysed by gamma spectrometry for 137 Cs, 210 Pb, and 226 Ra, following the methods described by Murray et al (1987). Independent checks on detector calibrations were undertaken by participating in the International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA) laboratory comparisons (Shakhashiro et al, 2006). The 210 Pb xs concentration was calculated as the difference between the 210 Pb and 226 Ra activity of each sample.…”

Automatic modeling using PENELOPE of two HPGe detectors used for measurement of environmental samples byγ-spectrometry from a few sets of experimental efficiencies

“…IAEA RGU-1, RGTh-1 and RGK-1 are reference materials meant for the experimental calibration of gamma-ray spectrometers for Potassium, Uranium and Thorium [22]. IAEA 447 [24][25][26], IAEA 448 [26][27][28], IAEA 434 [26,29,30] and IAEA 326 [26,31] are environmental samples (moss-soil, contaminated soil from an oil field, Phosphogypsum and soil sample respectively) with certified activities for several radionuclides of interest for environmental radioactivity laboratories. With regard to the CANMET DH-1a [32,33] is an ore with a considerable concentration of both uranium and thorium (0.2629% U and 0.091% Th).…”

Monte Carlo based calibration of scintillation detectors for laboratory and in situ gamma ray measurements

“…Although the first 35 cm is expected to give the major part of the signal in the detector also one sample was taken from the original field underneath the sand bed to be able to assess the contribution from this layer. These samples were analysed using the KVI HPGe gamma spectrometer for the well-calibrated 1 L Marinelli geometry (Shakhashiro et al, 2007). The activity concentrations in the six sand samples (Table 5) showed that the sand bed around the detector was homogeneous (relative standard deviation) within 5% (K and U) and 10% (Th).…”

“…After crushing, these samples were transferred to six 100 mL pill boxes (diameter 3.5 cm, Rubox BV, Hazerswoude, the Netherlands). This pill box is one of the calibrated geometries of the KVI HPGe gamma spectrometer (Shakhashiro et al, 2007). The pill boxes were measured using this gamma spectrometer and analysed according to the Dutch protocol for spectrometry (NEN 5623, 2002).…”