The New Graphene Family Materials: Synthesis and Applications in Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Tong, Xin; Zhan, Xun; Zhang, Gaixia; Sun, Shuhui

doi:10.3390/catal7010001

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 159 publications

(157 reference statements)

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“…Among the most studied materials in Li-ion batteries for energy storage are Graphene-based materials [2,3]. The capability of graphene in different energy devices is also being investigated deeply, such as in supercapacitors [4,5], fuel cells [6,7] and solar cells [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untreated Natural Graphite as a Graphene Source for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries

et al. 2018

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Graphene nanosheets (GNS) are synthesized from untreated natural graphite (NG) for use as electroactive materials in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), which avoids the pollution-generating steps of purifying graphite. Through a modified Hummer method and subsequent thermal exfoliation, graphitic oxide and graphene were synthesized and characterized structurally, morphologically and chemically. Untreated natural graphite samples contain 45-50% carbon by weight; the rest is composed of different elements such as aluminium, calcium, iron, silicon and oxygen, which are present as calcium carbonate and silicates of aluminium and iron. Our results confirm that in the GO and GNS synthesized, calcium is removed due to oxidation, though other impurities are maintained because they are not affected by the synthesis. Despite the remaining mineral phases, the energy storage capacity of GNS electrodes is very promising. In addition, an electrochemical comparison between GNS and NG demonstrated that the specific capacity in GNS is higher during the whole cycling process, 770 mA·g −1 at 100th cycle, which is twice that of graphite.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untreated Natural Graphite as a Graphene Source for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries

et al. 2018

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“…There are different types of graphene‐based nanostructures with various morphologies that have been reported. These are zero‐dimension graphene quantum dots (GQDs), one‐ dimension graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), and two‐dimension graphene nanosheets (GNSs) . GQDs have nanometre‐scaled graphene particles that contains a sp 2 ‐sp 2 carbon bond .…”

Section: Graphene As a Counter Electrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The properties of GNRs and GQDs can be tailored by modulation of the respective edges and sizes . For example, GNRs having a width that is narrower than 10 nm have good semiconducting characteristics while GNRs that have a width larger than 10 nm have weak semiconducting characteristics . The mainly zigzag‐edged GNRs (2.3 nm wide) show a smaller bandgap of 0.14 eV, while the armchair GNRs (2.9 nm wide) have a bandgap of 0.38 eV, which indicates that the higher concentration of zigzag edges causes the energy gap to decrease because of the staggered sub‐lattice potential through the zigzag terminated edges …”

Section: Graphene As a Counter Electrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These are zero-dimension graphene quantum dots (GQDs), one-dimension graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), and two-dimension graphene nanosheets (GNSs). 97 GQDs have nanometre-scaled graphene particles that contains a sp 2 -sp 2 carbon bond. 98 They have a high surface area and high transparency which allows them to be applied in energy and display applications.…”

Section: Graphene As a Counter Electrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heteroatom-doped graphene and its application as a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells

2018

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Summary The most frequently used counter electrode (CE) in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is platinum on fluorine‐doped tin oxide glass. This electrode has excellent electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and high electrocatalytic affinity for the reduction of triiodide. However, the high cost of metallic platinum and the poor electrochemical stability pose a major drawback in the commercial production. This has necessitated a search for a non‐precious metal and metal‐free electrocatalyst that demonstrates better catalytic activity and longer electrochemical stability for practical use in DSSCs. Graphene has been at the centre of attention due to its excellent optoelectronic properties. However, a defect‐free graphene sheet is not suitable as a CE in DSSCs, because of its neutral polarity which often restricts efficient charge transfer at the graphene/liquid interface, irrespective of the high in‐plane charge mobility. Hence, heteroatom‐doped graphene‐based CEs are being developed with the aim to balance electrical conductivity for efficient charge transfer and charge polarization for enhanced reduction activity of redox couples simultaneously. The elements commonly used in chemical doping of graphene are nitrogen, oxygen, boron, sulfur, and phosphorus. Halogens have also recently shown great promise. It has been demonstrated that edge‐selective heteroatom‐doping of graphene imparts both efficient in‐plane charge transfers and polarity, thereby enhancing electrocatalytic activity. Thus, heteroatom‐doped graphene serves as a good material to replace conventional electrodes and enhance power conversion efficiency in DSSCs. The focus is to reduce the cost of DSSCs. This review explores the performance of DSSCs, factors that influence the power conversion efficiency, and various physicochemical properties of graphene. It further outlines current progress on the synthetic approaches for chemical doping (substitutional and surface transfer doping) of graphene and graphene oxide with different heteroatoms in order to fine‐tune the electronic properties. The use of heteroatom‐doped graphene as a CE in DSSCs and how it improves the photovoltaic performance of cells is discussed.

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“…Hitherto, enormous efforts have been devoted to developing non-precious metal or metal-free electrocatalysts for ORRs with high performance [3,5]. Among various candidates, nitrogen-doped (n-doped) graphene has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional Pt-based electrocatalysts, due to its unique advantages including low-cost, high selectivity, good electrocatalytic activity, and excellent long-term stability [3,6,7]. The facile generation of strong charge polarization between nitrogen atoms (x = 3.04) and carbon atoms (x = 2.55) greatly increases the ORR activity of n-doped graphene [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terpyridine-Containing Imine-Rich Graphene for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

et al. 2017

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Abstract:We report a facile synthetic method for the preparation of a terpyridine-containing imine-rich graphene (IrGO-Tpy) using an acid-catalyzed dehydration reaction between graphene oxide (GO) and 4 -(aminophenyl)-2,2 :6 2"-terpyridine. Owing to the presence of terpyridine ligands, cobalt ions (Co 2+ ) were readily incorporated into the IrGO-Tpy structures, affording a metal complex, denoted IrGo-Tpy-Co. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry measurements confirm the noticeable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities of the IrGo-Tpy and IrGo-Tpy-Co electroacatalysts in alkaline electrolytes, along with the additional merits of high selectivity, excellent long-term durability, and good resistance to methanol crossover. In addition, a remarkable improvement in the ORR performance was observed for IrGO-Tpy-Co compared with that of IrGo-Tpy, arising from the significant contribution of the cobalt-terpyridine complex in facilitating the ORR process.

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The New Graphene Family Materials: Synthesis and Applications in Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Cited by 31 publications

References 159 publications

Untreated Natural Graphite as a Graphene Source for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries

Untreated Natural Graphite as a Graphene Source for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries

Heteroatom-doped graphene and its application as a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells

Terpyridine-Containing Imine-Rich Graphene for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

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