The new generation of the biologicalengineering materials for applications in medical and dental implant-scaffolds

Abstract

Purpose: The publication aims to find the relationship between the proliferation of surface layers of living cells and the deposition of thin atomic layers deposition ALD coatings on the pores internal surfaces of porous skeletons of medical and dental implant-scaffolds manufactured with the selective laser deposition SLS additive technology using titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The extensive review of the literature presents the state-of-the-art in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. General ageing of societies, increasing the incidence of oncological diseases and some transport and sports accidents, and also the spread of tooth decay and tooth cavities in many regions of the world has taken place nowadays. Those reasons involve resection of many tissues and organs and the need to replace cavities, among others bones and teeth through implantation, more and more often hybridized with tissue engineering methods. Findings: The results of investigations of the structure and properties of skeleton microporous materials produced from titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy powders by the method of selective laser sintering have been presented. Particularly valuable are the original and previously unpublished results of structural research using high-resolution transmission electron microscope HRTEM. Particular attention has been paid to the issues of surface engineering, in particular, the application of flat TiO2 and Al2O3 coatings applied inside micropores using the atomic layers deposition ALD method and hydroxyapatite applied the dip-coating sol-gel method, including advanced HRTEM research. The most important part of the work concerns the research of nesting and proliferation of live cells of osteoblasts the hFOB 1.19 (Human ATCC - CRL - 11372) culture line on the surface of micropores with surfaces covered with the mentioned layers. Research limitations/implications: The investigations reported in the paper fully confirmed the idea of the hybrid technology of producing microporous implants and implant-scaffolds to achieve original Authors’ biological-engineering materials. The surface engineering issues, including both flat-layered nonorganic coatings and interactions of those coverings with flat layers of living cells, play a crucial role. Originality/value: Materials commonly used in implantology and the most commonly used materials processing technologies in those applications have been described. Against that background, the original Authors' concept of implant-scaffolds and the application of microporous skeleton materials for this purpose have been presented.

Improving the Mechanical Strength of Dental Applications and Lattice Structures SLM Processed

“…To reduce the surface roughness, new post-processing methods should be developed and adapted to enhance the cell activity [51]. Moreover, the scaffold-implant concept can help and give hope to thousands of people affected by various bone diseases, often resulting in partial or full loss of tissues [52,53].…”

Application Solid Laser-Sintered or Machined Ti6Al4V Alloy in Manufacturing of Dental Implants and Dental Prosthetic Restorations According to Dentistry 4.0 Concept

“…They are many reasons why implant-scaffolds are desirable over other methods in dental implantology. Implant-scaffolds allow the living cells to grow into the pores of the implanted elements, not just the culturing of live cells on their surface [12][13][14][19][20][21][22]. Among the dentistry specialisations in the Dentistry 4.0 model, dental and maxillofacial surgery with implantology and periodontology as well as prosthetics and implant prosthetics are of particular importance.…”

“…At the same time, the concept of designing and manufacturing individual dental implants corresponds either to the shape of the root of the removed tooth, or is designed taking into account their final position in the patient's oral cavity, with a representation of the root of the removed tooth and in a standardized shape, so that it is possible to embed a prosthetic restoration. [1,9,12,21,24,28,29]. Thanks to the use of technology combining data obtained from a CBCT scanner, intraoral conditions scan and computer-aided design, it is possible to integrate individual components and produce them using additive technologies, reducing the number of potential bacterial residues, reducing mass and reducing the number of connecting elements [1,9,28,29].…”

“…The particular benefits of using these technologies in dental prosthetics include barrier prevention of the re-diffusion of titanium and other metal atoms to the ceramic surfaces of crowns and bridges and prevention of greying and cracking of the porcelain facing layer. Inside the pores of the selective sintered laser porous skeletal structure, thin ALD layers can be applied to improve the proliferation and growth of living cells inside the pores [21].…”

“…However, this does not exclude the use of titanium and its alloys for the production of implants, also with integrated abutments [31]. For aesthetic reasons, it could practically eliminate such prosthetic restorations, if not for coating titanium and its alloys with thin nanostructured surface layers, most preferably in ALD processes [21,52,53]. Titanium-based alloys are corrosion resistant, which after implantation into the body do not show an allergic reaction.…”