The neuropsychology of vascular cognitive impairment: is there a specific cognitive deficit?

Desmond, David W.

doi:10.1016/j.jns.2004.09.002

Cited by 142 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Although executive dysfunctioning has frequently been shown to be characteristic for VaD (e.g., Desmond, 2004), this review indicates that, in contrast to previous reports, the Wechsler subtests do reveal a difference in performance between VaD and AD.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

“…However, EF such as strategy (Johanson, Gustafson & Risberg, 1986) or working memory (Freeman et al, 2000) can play an important role in constructional functions. Furthermore, a speed of processing component is present in several tasks as well, which might partly depend on EF (Desmond, 2004;Grigsby, Kaye & Robbins, 1995). It can be argued that a decrement in effective initiation and monitoring of behavior, both components of EF, could result in reduced speed of information processing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinguishing between Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease by Means of the WAIS: A Meta-analysis

Oosterman

Scherder

2006

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinguishing between Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease by Means of the WAIS: A Meta-analysis

Oosterman

Scherder

2006

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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“…Lopez et al (2007) have, indeed, rightly noted that when the subject's cognitive deficits could be due to nondegenerative conditions (such as a small-vessel subcortical pathology), a greater proportion of MCI patients remain cognitively stable or return to a normal baseline. These reasons could contribute to explain the conflicting results of previous studies dealing with the patterns of cognitive impairment observed in VD and DAT patients (e.g., Desmond, 2004;Laukka et al, 2004;Looi & Sachdev, 1999;Meyer et al, 2002;Reed et al, 2007). It is also possible that the absence of a clear neuropsychological pattern in vascular MCI patients was due to their small sample size (and hence to insufficient statistical power ) but this hypothesis is at variance with the fact that a clear and consistent neuropsychological pattern was found in the even smaller group of atrophic MCI patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This line of research followed from the observations that, according to some authors, there are differences between the neuropsychological patterns of DAT patients and those of patients with VD resulting from small-vessel disease. The former consistently show a predominance of episodic memory disorders (Gainotti et al, 1989(Gainotti et al, , 2001Graham et al, 2004;Ingles et al, 2007;Looi & Sachdev, 1999;Matsuda et al, 1998;Mendez &Ashla-Mendez, 1991), whereas the latter appear to show a prevalence of executive dysfunction (Desmond, 2004;Jokinen et al, 2005;Kertesz & Clydesdale, 1994;Kramer et al, 2002;Looi & Sachdev, 1999;Padovani et al, 1995). Furthermore, psychomotor retardation, considered to be a prominent consequence of stroke (Ballard et al, 2003;Rasquin et al, 2004) is also found in small-vessel subcortical dementia (Gainotti et al, 2001), in vascular cognitive impairment (Desmond, 2004) and in association with recognized risk factors for vascular dementia, such as white matter hyperintensities (Jokinen et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former consistently show a predominance of episodic memory disorders (Gainotti et al, 1989(Gainotti et al, , 2001Graham et al, 2004;Ingles et al, 2007;Looi & Sachdev, 1999;Matsuda et al, 1998;Mendez &Ashla-Mendez, 1991), whereas the latter appear to show a prevalence of executive dysfunction (Desmond, 2004;Jokinen et al, 2005;Kertesz & Clydesdale, 1994;Kramer et al, 2002;Looi & Sachdev, 1999;Padovani et al, 1995). Furthermore, psychomotor retardation, considered to be a prominent consequence of stroke (Ballard et al, 2003;Rasquin et al, 2004) is also found in small-vessel subcortical dementia (Gainotti et al, 2001), in vascular cognitive impairment (Desmond, 2004) and in association with recognized risk factors for vascular dementia, such as white matter hyperintensities (Jokinen et al, 2005). A further difference between DAT and VD could include phonological and semantic fluency, because some authors (e.g., Canning et al, 2004;Jones et al, 2006), but not others (e.g., Bentham et al, 1997;Crossley et al, 1997) have found a greater semantic fluency impairment in DAT patients and a greater phonological fluency impairment in VD patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Patterns of neuropsychological impairment in MCI patients with small subcortical infarcts or hippocampal atrophy

Gainotti

Ferraccioli

Vita

et al. 2008

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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We investigated whether MCI patients with hippocampal atrophy or multiple subcortical infarcts demonstrate neuropsychological patterns and markers considered typical of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and of vascular dementia (VD), respectively. An extensive neuropsychological battery, including tests of memory, visual-spatial and executive functions, language, attention, praxis and psychomotor speed, was administered to 36 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients with hippocampal atrophy and 41 MCI patients with multiple subcortical infarcts. Both groups of MCI patients were very mildly impaired and well matched in terms of MMSE scores. A clear, disproportionately severe, episodic memory disorder was observed in MCI patients with hippocampal atrophy. A less specific neuropsychological profile, consisting of impairment on an Action Naming task that is sensitive to frontal lobe lesions, was observed in MCI patients with multiple subcortical infarcts. In MCI patients, a disproportionately severe episodic memory impairment strongly points to an Alzheimer's type brain pathology, whereas the prevalence of executive deficits and other frontal lobe symptoms are a much weaker diagnostic marker of small vessel subcortical disease. (JINS, 2008, 14, 611-619.)

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Impact of Smoking on Cognitive Decline in Early Old Age

Sabia¹,

Elbaz²,

Dugravot³

et al. 2012

Arch Gen Psychiatry

192

136

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Context Smoking is a possible risk factor for dementia although its impact may have been underestimated in elderly populations due to the shorter lifespan of smokers. Objective To examine the association between smoking history and cognitive decline in the transition from midlife to old age. Design, Setting, and Participants Data are from 5099 men and 2137 women in the Whitehall II study, mean age 56 years (range=44–69 years) at the first cognitive assessment (1997–1999), repeated over 2002–2004 and 2007–2009. Main Outcome Measures The cognitive test battery was composed of tests of memory, vocabulary, executive function (composed of one reasoning and two fluency tests), and a global cognitive score summarising performance across all five tests. Smoking status was assessed over the entire study period. Linear mixed models were used to assess the association between smoking history and 10-year cognitive decline, expressed as z-scores. Results In men, 10-year cognitive decline in all tests except vocabulary among never smokers ranged from a quarter to a third of the baseline standard deviation. Faster cognitive decline was observed among current smokers compared to never smokers in men [mean difference in 10-year decline in global cognition=−0.09 (95%CI:−0.15;−0.03) and executive function=−0.11 (−0.17;−0.05)]. Recent ex-smokers had greater decline in executive function (−0.08 (−0.14;−0.02)) while the decline in long-term ex-smokers was similar to that among never smokers. In analyses that additionally took drop-out and death into account, these differences were 1.2 to 1.5 times larger. In women, cognitive decline did not vary as a function of smoking status. Conclusions Compared to never smokers, middle-aged male smokers experienced faster cognitive decline in global cognition and executive function. In ex-smokers with at least 10-year cessation there were no adverse effects on cognitive decline.

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The neuropsychology of vascular cognitive impairment: is there a specific cognitive deficit?

Cited by 142 publications

References 14 publications

Distinguishing between Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease by Means of the WAIS: A Meta-analysis

Distinguishing between Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease by Means of the WAIS: A Meta-analysis

Patterns of neuropsychological impairment in MCI patients with small subcortical infarcts or hippocampal atrophy

Impact of Smoking on Cognitive Decline in Early Old Age

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