The Neuropsychology of Memory Illusions: False Recall and Recognition in Amnesic Patients

Schacter, Daniel L.; Verfaellie, Mieke; Pradere, Dan

doi:10.1006/jmla.1996.0018

Cited by 266 publications

(270 citation statements)

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“…On the experimental DRM recognition memory task (see Table 4), patient SM showed lower levels of both corrected true and corrected false recognition, a pattern indicating impaired memory for the gist of the studied lists, similar to results of previous studies of amnesic patients (Schacter et al, 1996;Melo et al, 1999;Ciaramelli et al, 2006). Interestingly, she showed reduced corrected true and false recognition compared to normal controls for Remember but not for Know responses, which suggests impaired recollection.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…"corrected false recognition"). On this task, amnesic patients typically show lower levels of both corrected true and corrected false recognition compared to normal controls (Schacter et al, 1996;Melo et al, 1999;Ciaramelli et al, 2006), arguably due to difficulty remembering the gist of the studied lists. Patient SM was compared to six healthy controls matched for age, sex, and education.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the DRM paradigm, hit rates and false-alarm rates to critical lures are corrected for baseline falsealarm rates to target controls and lure controls, respectively, resulting in a measure of true recognition (i.e. "corrected true recognition;" Schacter et al, 1996) and a measure of illusory recognition of words consistent with the gist of the studied lists (i.e. "corrected false recognition").…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does lateral parietal cortex support episodic memory?

et al. 2008

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Although neuroimaging and human lesion studies agree that the medial parietal region plays a critical role in episodic memory, many neuroimaging studies have also implicated lateral parietal cortex, leading some researchers to suggest that the lateral region plays a heretofore underappreciated role in episodic memory. Because there are very few extant lesion data on this matter, we examined memory in six cases of focal lateral parietal damage, using both clinical and experimental measures, in which we distinguished between recollection and familiarity. The patients did not have amnesia, but they did show evidence of disrupted recollection on an anterograde memory task. Although the exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated, lateral parietal damage appears to impair some aspects of episodic memory.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does lateral parietal cortex support episodic memory?

et al. 2008

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“…To sum up, both of the presented experiments strongly point to deficient explicit recollection of thematic, as well as item-specific, information from the study phase as the main cause of earlier found diminished veridical and false memory levels in amnesic (Korsakoff) patients (e.g., Schacter et al, 1996Schacter et al, , 1997. Whereas the patients' memory scores were comparable to controls' when automatic retrieval processes could be used to fulfill the task at hand, both veridical and false memory were impaired when (additional) intentional recollection was required to retrieve the studied information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Implicit false memory in the DRM paradigm: Effects of amnesia, encoding instructions, and encoding duration.

Damme

d’Ydewalle

2009

Neuropsychology

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Recent studies with the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (Deese 1959;Roediger & McDermott, 1995) paradigm have revealed that amnesic patients do not only show impaired veridical memory, but also diminished false memory for semantically related lure words. Due to the typically used explicit retrieval instructions, however, this finding may reflect problems at encoding, at recollection, or both. Therefore, the present experiments examined implicit as well as explicit false memory in patients suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome and controls. In Experiment 1, encoding instructions either focused on remembering individual list words, or on discovering semantic relationships among the words. In Experiment 2, different presentation durations were used. Results emphasize the distinction between automatic and intentional retrieval: Korsakoff patients' veridical and false memory scores were diminished when explicit recollection was required, but not when memory was tested implicitly. Encoding manipulations only significantly affected veridical memory: Priming was reduced with thematic encoding, and explicit retrieval was facilitated when given more study time.

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“…Previous neuroimaging and patient studies have provided robust evidence that a core network of regions in the medial and lateral temporal lobe, as well as frontal and parietal regions (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16), is involved when encoding or retrieving semantic false memories. However, a mechanistic understanding of how these regions generate false memories is lacking.…”

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confidence: 99%

Semantic representations in the temporal pole predict false memories

Chadwick

Anjum

Kumaran

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Recent advances in neuroscience have given us unprecedented insight into the neural mechanisms of false memory, showing that artificial memories can be inserted into the memory cells of the hippocampus in a way that is indistinguishable from true memories. However, this alone is not enough to explain how false memories can arise naturally in the course of our daily lives. Cognitive psychology has demonstrated that many instances of false memory, both in the laboratory and the real world, can be attributed to semantic interference. Whereas previous studies have found that a diverse set of regions show some involvement in semantic false memory, none have revealed the nature of the semantic representations underpinning the phenomenon. Here we use fMRI with representational similarity analysis to search for a neural code consistent with semantic false memory. We find clear evidence that false memories emerge from a similarity-based neural code in the temporal pole, a region that has been called the "semantic hub" of the brain. We further show that each individual has a partially unique semantic code within the temporal pole, and this unique code can predict idiosyncratic patterns of memory errors. Finally, we show that the same neural code can also predict variation in true-memory performance, consistent with an adaptive perspective on false memory. Taken together, our findings reveal the underlying structure of neural representations of semantic knowledge, and how this semantic structure can both enhance and distort our memories.false memory | semantic | temporal pole | fMRI | pattern similarity E ach of us has a vast store of semantic knowledge that we apply to incoming sensory data to extract meaning from the world around us. Semantic representations are capable of capturing important structural features of the world at many different levels of abstraction, which allows for rapid and flexible responses to a diverse array of environmental challenges. This preexisting knowledge structure guides ongoing cognition, which usually aids performance, but under some circumstances can lead us into error (1-3). A striking example is the widely studied DRM (Deese, Roediger, and McDermott) false-memory illusion (4, 5). In a typical DRM task, subjects are asked to memorize a set of words such as "snow," "winter," "ice," and "warm." After a delay, subjects will typically falsely remember having seen the semantically related word "cold." It is widely agreed that this memory illusion is driven by the semantic relatedness between words contained in the encoding list (e.g., "snow") and falsely remembered words that were not actually presented (e.g., "cold"). As such, it is thought that each list item automatically, but weakly, activates the semantically related concept (Fig. 1A). This activation leads to memory confusion, either through a cumulative priming of the related lure (5, 6) or the encoding of the semantic overlap as a "gist" memory (3), resulting in a false memory unless the error is detected by some internal monitoring p...

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The Neuropsychology of Memory Illusions: False Recall and Recognition in Amnesic Patients

Cited by 266 publications

References 8 publications

Does lateral parietal cortex support episodic memory?

Does lateral parietal cortex support episodic memory?

Implicit false memory in the DRM paradigm: Effects of amnesia, encoding instructions, and encoding duration.

Semantic representations in the temporal pole predict false memories

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