The Neuropsychological Effects of Chronic Methylphenidate on Drug-Naive Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Coghill, David; Rhodes, Sinéad; Matthews, Keith

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.030

Cited by 153 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Stimulant medication (e.g., methylphenidate and amphetamine) reduces symptoms of ADHD and improves academic and more general functioning (Taylor and Sonuga-Barke, 2008). These effects can be mirrored in improved performance on laboratory-based cognitive tasks (Coghill et al, 2007). The mechanism of action underpinning these effects still remain to be determined definitively.…”

Section: Psychopharmacologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion

et al. 2009

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The ability to specify differential predictions is a mark of a scientific models' value. State regulation deficits (SRD) and delay aversion (DAv) have both been hypothesized as context-dependent dynamic dysfunctions in ADHD.However, to date there has been no systematic comparison of their common and unique elements. Here we review these hypotheses -and describe the core and secondary manifestations of the two constructs and review evidenceIn support of them. Second, we focus on what are seen as the hallmark indicators of the two deficits -preference of small immediate over large delayed rewards for DAv and the slow event rate effect for SRD. We describe the overlap between these two manifestations and then explore how experimental manipulations and the analysis of neuropsychological and physiological mediators of effects can allow us to differentiate these two patterns of neuropsychological dysfunction on the basis of specific predictions. Finally, we highlight the implications of neuropsychological heterogeneity for the practical implementation of tests of DAv and SRD.Key words: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; delay aversion; state regulation; cognitive energetic; event rate; delay of gratification; delayed reward. 4 MOVING BEYOND FIXED DEFICIT MODELS OF ADHDAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent child and adolescent condition, which often persists into adulthood, marked by developmentally inappropriate and pervasive expressions of inattention, overactivity and impulsiveness (Banaschewski et al., in press). It is associated with functional impairments across multiple academic and social domains and is commonly accompanied by a range of externalising (e.g., conduct disorder) and internalising (e.g., anxiety) comorbid disorders (Taylor and SonugaBarke, 2008). Until recent times dominant neuropsychological theories of ADHD have focused on cognitive impairments associated with deficits in executive functions such as inhibitory control (Nigg, 2005) and working memory (Rapport et al., 2008). These are postulated to be grounded in altered fronto-striatal neural circuits modulated by catecholamine-based neuro-transmitters (Arnsten, 2009). Support for executive impairments in ADHD of the sort predicted by these models come from many studies (e.g. Willcutt et al., 2005;Bitsakou et al., 2008). However, it now seems unlikely that such deficits mediate the link between ADHD and its underlying causes (i.e., genes and environments; in any straightforward way . For instance, many children with ADHD appear not to have dysfunctional executive processes, while many children without ADHD, either with others disorders or with no disorder at all, do (Willcutt et al., 2005). Even where ADHD and executive dysfunction co-present the pattern is 5 rather fragmented and variable so that pervasive and severe executive deficit appears quite rare . Perhaps reflecting the influence of the classical bio-medical framework (Singh, 2008) and neuropsychological models of brain insult (Loge et al., 1990), ...

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Section: Psychopharmacologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion

et al. 2009

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“…70 Recent findings have shown that chronic methylphenidate on drug-naive boys with ADHD enhanced neuropsychological functioning on ''recognition memory'' component tasks with modest executive demands. 71 …”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neurobiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Curatolo

Paloscia

D’Agati

et al. 2009

European Journal of Paediatric Neurology

113

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“…We selected groups excluding children with other psychiatric disorders and exposure to medication. Medication and co-morbidity have proven to affect both BIP and IB-EF in previous studies (Oosterlaan et al 1998(Oosterlaan et al , 2005Rhodes et al 2006Rhodes et al , 2012Coghill et al 2007;Chamberlain et al 2011;Swanson et al 2011;Wang et al 2013). Therefore, this sampling strategy provided a strong design for testing this specific hypothesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms underpinning inattention and hyperactivity: neurocognitive support for ADHD dimensionality

et al. 2014

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Background. Taxometric and behavioral genetic studies suggest that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is best modeled as a dimension rather than a category. We extended these analyses by testing for the existence of putative ADHD-related deficits in basic information processing (BIP) and inhibitory-based executive function (IB-EF) in individuals in the subclinical and full clinical ranges. Consistent with the dimensional model, we predicted that ADHD-related deficits would be expressed across the full spectrum, with the degree of deficit linearly related to the severity of the clinical presentation.Method. A total of 1547 children (aged 6-12 years) participated in the study. The Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) was used to classify children into groups according to levels of inattention and hyperactivity independently: (1) asymptomatic, (2) subthreshold minimal, (3) subthreshold moderate and (4) clinical ADHD. Neurocognitive performance was evaluated using a two-choice reaction time task (2C-RT) and a conflict control task (CCT). BIP and IB-EF measures were derived using a diffusion model (DM) for decomposition of reaction time (RT) and error data.Results. Deficient BIP was found in subjects with minimal, moderate and full ADHD defined in terms of inattention (in both tasks) and hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions (in the 2C-RT). The size of the deficit increased in a linear manner across increasingly severe presentations of ADHD. IB-EF was unrelated to ADHD.Conclusions. Deficits in BIP operate at subclinical and clinical levels of ADHD. The linear nature of this relationship provides support for a dimensional model of ADHD in which diagnostic thresholds are defined in terms of clinical and societal burden rather than representing discrete pathophysiological states.

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The Neuropsychological Effects of Chronic Methylphenidate on Drug-Naive Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Cited by 153 publications

References 31 publications

Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion

Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion

The neurobiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Mechanisms underpinning inattention and hyperactivity: neurocognitive support for ADHD dimensionality

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