The Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Decline: A Preventive Approach to Alzheimer Disease

Rashid, Muhammad Humayoun; Zahid, Muhammad; Zain, Sarmad; Ahmad, Kabir; Hassan, Sibt Ul

doi:10.7759/cureus.6958

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“… 77 Now it is believed that adult brain neurogenesis can occur indefinitely. 78 Currently, adult brain neurogenesis has received much attention for its clinical applications, since many animal studies have shown that adult animal brain neurogenesis can be applied to restore cognitive function, and treat stroke, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases. 79 The LPA and LPA1 receptors are mainly involved in embryonic brain development with diverse functions in cell proliferation, morphological changes, and migration to target areas of the brain.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Lipid Components Of Gintonin And Gefmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginseng gintonin, aging societies, and geriatric brain diseases

Choi

Lee

Nam

et al. 2021

Integrative Medicine Research

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Background A dramatic increase in aging populations and low birth rates rapidly drive aging societies and increase aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases. However, functional food or medicinal formulations to prevent geriatric brain disorders are not readily available. Panax ginseng is a candidate, since ginseng has long-been consumed as a rejuvenating agent. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the components of ginseng that are responsible for brain rejuvenation and human longevity are unknown. Accumulating evidence shows that gintonin is a candidate for the anti-aging ingredient of ginseng, especially in brain senescence. Methods Gintonin, a glycolipoprotein complex, contains three lipid-derived G protein-coupled receptor ligands: lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs), lysophosphatidylinositols (LPIs), and linoleic acid (LA). LPA, LPI, and LA act on six LPA receptor subtypes, GPR55, and GPR40, respectively. These G protein-coupled receptors are distributed within the nervous and non-nervous systems of the human body. Results Gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) exhibits anti-brain senescence and effects against disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Oral administration of gintonin in animal models of d -galactose-induced brain aging, AD, HD, and PD restored cognitive and motor functions. The underlying molecular mechanisms of gintonin-mediated anti-brain aging and anti-neurodegenerative diseases include neurogenesis, autophagy stimulation, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review describes the characteristics of gintonin and GEF, and how gintonin exerts its effects on brain aging and brain associated-neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusion Finally, we describe how GEF can be applied to improve the quality of life of senior citizens in aging societies.

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Section: Characteristics Of the Lipid Components Of Gintonin And Gefmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginseng gintonin, aging societies, and geriatric brain diseases

Choi

Lee

Nam

et al. 2021

Integrative Medicine Research

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“…[60][61][62][63][64][65] The relationship between exercise in cognitive loss prevention remains less clear, but it is reasonable to presume that exercise promotion is at the very least prudent in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. 65,66 In recent years, aquatic exercise has been promoted as a useful exercise option in both MCI and dementia. 67 A 2015 study assessed a group of 27 older adults (average age 63.2±7.34) for cognitive and cardiovascular fitness following 6 consecutive days of moderate-to-high intensity aquatic exercise at 60%-70% maximum heart rate, compared to a control group of 33 age-, fitness-, and gender-matched adults doing their daily routine.…”

Section: Aquatic Therapy Use In Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even in the case of dementia, exercise science has established a body of both human and animal research demonstrating a strong role for aerobic activity 60‐65 . The relationship between exercise in cognitive loss prevention remains less clear, but it is reasonable to presume that exercise promotion is at the very least prudent in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia 65,66 . In recent years, aquatic exercise has been promoted as a useful exercise option in both MCI and dementia 67 .…”

Section: Aquatic Therapy Use In Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic Therapy in Contemporary Neurorehabilitation: An Update

Becker

2020

PM&R

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Aquatic therapy has been used extensively in a number of neurologic diseases and pathologies. This review describes disease-specific rehabilitative applications for this population. Recent research has offered scientific support for use in common neurological diseases that are part of rehabilitative practice, and very recent findings may create even firmer support for its use in these as well as other conditions. Stroke, Parkinsonism, and multiple sclerosis are areas that have recently received a significant number of published studies. Dementia is another area that has been more recently studied and received basic science support. Cerebral palsy has also had recent supportive evidence published. Available literature is reviewed to create a more evidence-based support for the use of aquatic therapy in neurorehabilitation.

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“…Physical activity (e.g., aerobic exercise or resistance training) has already been associated with several beneficial effects that reduce the risk of developing AD in both, humans and animal models [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. The duration of physical activity being studied can be divided into acute, one single bout of physical activity, and chronic, consistent activity over an extended time period [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary Wheel Running Did Not Alter Gene Expression in 5xfad Mice, but in Wild-Type Animals Exclusively after One-Day of Physical Activity

Wierczeiko

Radyushkin

et al. 2021

Cells

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Physical activity is considered a promising preventive intervention to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the positive effect of therapeutic administration of physical activity has not been proven conclusively yet, likely due to confounding factors such as varying activity regimens and life or disease stages. To examine the impact of different routines of physical activity in the early disease stages, we subjected young 5xFAD and wild-type mice to 1-day (acute) and 30-day (chronic) voluntary wheel running and compared them with age-matched sedentary controls. We observed a significant increase in brain lactate levels in acutely trained 5xFAD mice relative to all other experimental groups. Subsequent brain RNA-seq analysis did not reveal major differences in transcriptomic regulation between training durations in 5xFAD mice. In contrast, acute training yielded substantial gene expression changes in wild-type animals relative to their chronically trained and sedentary counterparts. The comparison of 5xFAD and wild-type mice showed the highest transcriptional differences in the chronic and sedentary groups, whereas acute training was associated with much fewer differentially expressed genes. In conclusion, our results suggest that different training durations did not affect the global transcriptome of 3-month-old 5xFAD mice, whereas acute running seemed to induce a similar transcriptional stress state in wild-type animals as already known for 5xFAD mice.

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The Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Decline: A Preventive Approach to Alzheimer Disease

Cited by 19 publications

References 50 publications

Ginseng gintonin, aging societies, and geriatric brain diseases

Ginseng gintonin, aging societies, and geriatric brain diseases

Aquatic Therapy in Contemporary Neurorehabilitation: An Update

Voluntary Wheel Running Did Not Alter Gene Expression in 5xfad Mice, but in Wild-Type Animals Exclusively after One-Day of Physical Activity

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