Ginseng gintonin, aging societies, and geriatric brain diseases

Choi, Sun-Hye; Lee, Ra Mi; Nam, Sung Min; Kim, Do-Geun; Cho, Ik‐Hyun; Kim, Hyoung‐Chun; Cho, Yunjung; Rhim, Hyewhon; Nah, Seung Yeol

doi:10.1016/j.imr.2020.100450

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…Many recent studies have shown its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Ginseng in the brain affected by aging-associated diseases and toxic insults such as sodium fluoride and aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) ( Mahaboob Basha and Saumya, 2013 ; Adam et al, 2019 ; Choi et al, 2021 ) . One of these studies investigated potencial pro-cognitive and neuroprotective effects of compound K, a metabolite of ginsenosides, present in the enzymatically hydrolyzed red ginseng extracts (HRGE).…”

Section: Estrogenic Plants and Compounds With Potential Effects Against Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogenic Plants: to Prevent Neurodegeneration and Memory Loss and Other Symptoms in Women After Menopause

et al. 2021

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In mammals, sexual hormones such as estrogens play an essential role in maintaining brain homeostasis and function. Estrogen deficit in the brain induces many undesirable symptoms such as learning and memory impairment, sleep and mood disorders, hot flushes, and fatigue. These symptoms are frequent in women who reached menopausal age or have had ovariectomy and in men and women subjected to anti-estrogen therapy. Hormone replacement therapy alleviates menopause symptoms; however, it can increase cardiovascular and cancer diseases. In the search for therapeutic alternatives, medicinal plants and specific synthetic and natural molecules with estrogenic effects have attracted widespread attention between the public and the scientific community. Various plants have been used for centuries to alleviate menstrual and menopause symptoms, such as Cranberry, Ginger, Hops, Milk Thistle, Red clover, Salvia officinalis, Soy, Black cohosh, Turnera diffusa, Ushuva, and Vitex. This review aims to highlight current evidence about estrogenic medicinal plants and their pharmacological effects on cognitive deficits induced by estrogen deficiency during menopause and aging.

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Section: Estrogenic Plants and Compounds With Potential Effects Against Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogenic Plants: to Prevent Neurodegeneration and Memory Loss and Other Symptoms in Women After Menopause

et al. 2021

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“…Meyer, regarded as “the king of herbs” in China), was first published in “Shi Yao Quan Shu,” which describes that its extraction method is decoction [ 8 , 9 ]. DST has a long history of application and has been widely used, particularly for memory enhancement [ 10 ]. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed the multiple pharmacological effects of ginseng, and these effects include memory enhancement, immune modulation, antioxidant stress, and antiaging effects [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome-Metabolomics Reveals Endogenous Alterations of Energy Metabolism by the Dushen Tang to Attenuate D-Galactose-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats

Wang

Guo

et al. 2021

BioMed Research International

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Aging affects the brain function in elderly individuals, and Dushen Tang (DST) is widely used for the treatment of senile diseases. In this study, the protective effect of DST against memory impairment was evaluated through the Morris water maze (MWM) test and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A joint analysis was also performed using LC-MS metabolomics and the microbiome. The MWM test showed that DST could significantly improve the spatial memory and learning abilities of rats with memory impairment, and the TEM analysis showed that DST could reduce neuronal damage in the hippocampus of rats with memory impairment. Ten potential biomarkers involving pyruvate metabolism, the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, and other metabolic pathways were identified by the metabolomic analysis, and it was found that 3-hydroxybutyric acid and lactic acid were involved in the activation of cAMP signaling pathways. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that DST could regulate the structure of the gut microbiota in rats with memory impairment, and these effects were manifested as changes in energy metabolism. These findings suggest that DST exerts a good therapeutic effect on rats with memory impairment and that this effect might be mainly achieved by improving energy metabolism. These findings might lead to the potential development of DST as a drug for the treatment of rats with memory impairment.

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“…The chemical properties of gintonin are carbohydrates, lipids, and the ginseng protein complex. It is a glycolipoprotein complex that includes three lipid-derived G protein-coupled receptor ligands lysophosphatidylinositols, lysophosphatidic acids and linoleic acid [ 50 ].…”

Section: Ginseng’s Immunomodulator Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections

et al. 2021

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Respiratory tract infections are underestimated, as they are mild and generally not incapacitating. In clinical medicine, however, these infections are considered a prevalent problem. By 2030, the third most comprehensive reason for death worldwide will be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to the World Health Organization. The current arsenal of anti-inflammatory drugs shows little or no benefits against COPD. For thousands of years, herbal drugs have been used to cure numerous illnesses; they exhibit promising results and enhance physical performance. Ginseng is one such herbal medicine, known to alleviate pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) formed by macrophages and epithelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of ginsenoside are still not fully understood. Various clinical trials of ginseng have exhibited a reduction of repeated colds and the flu. In this review, ginseng’s structural features, the pathogenicity of microbial infections, and the immunomodulatory, antiviral, and anti-bacterial effects of ginseng were discussed. The focus was on the latest animal studies and human clinical trials that corroborate ginseng’s role as a therapy for treating respiratory tract infections. The article concluded with future directions and significant challenges. This review would be a valuable addition to the knowledge base for researchers in understanding the promising role of ginseng in treating respiratory tract infections. Further analysis needs to be re-focused on clinical trials to study ginseng’s efficacy and safety in treating pathogenic infections and in determining ginseng-drug interactions.

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Ginseng gintonin, aging societies, and geriatric brain diseases

Cited by 33 publications

References 136 publications

Estrogenic Plants: to Prevent Neurodegeneration and Memory Loss and Other Symptoms in Women After Menopause

Estrogenic Plants: to Prevent Neurodegeneration and Memory Loss and Other Symptoms in Women After Menopause

Microbiome-Metabolomics Reveals Endogenous Alterations of Energy Metabolism by the Dushen Tang to Attenuate D-Galactose-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats

Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections

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