The Neuropathology and Epidemiology of AIDS

Martínez, A. Julio; Sell, Manfred; Mitrovics, T.; Stoltenburg-Didinger, G.; Iglesias-Rozas, José R.; Giraldo-Velásquez, Mario; Gosztonyi, Georg; Schneider, Victoria; Cervós-Navarro, J.

doi:10.1016/s0344-0338(11)80730-2

Cited by 63 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Following our systematic search 2866 studies were found, from which 50 studies were finally included (see flowchart in Fig. ) . Of these studies, four were unpublished (Hammer C, Ehrenreich H. 2014, personal communication, Torrey E. 2003, personal communication, Gallo C. 2005, personal communication, and Dickerson F. 2005, personal communication).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four studies were included, from which three reported seroprevalence rates of T. gondii in public health studies evaluating healthy subjects as well as drug abusing patients . Although the studies were not designed as case–control studies with a hypothesis about a possible relationship between T. gondii infection and addiction, it was possible to discern ‘healthy’ subjects [e.g., pregnant mothers ] and addicted subjects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: systematic review and meta‐analysis

Sutterland

Fond

Kuin

et al. 2015

Acta Psychiatr Scand

376

313

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: systematic review and meta‐analysis

Sutterland

Fond

Kuin

et al. 2015

Acta Psychiatr Scand

376

313

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The influence of concurrent drug abuse in HIV-infected individuals is a burning issue, as drug abusers are reported to have higher rates of both HIV encephalopathy (HIVE) and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) compared to infected non-drug abusers (Martinez et al, 1995; Bell et al, 1996; Chiesi et al, 1996; Goodkin et al, 1998; Nath et al, 2001). Neuropathologically, drug abusers tend to demonstrate increased neuroinflammation as evidenced by microglial activation, astrocytosis and increased virus burden in the CNS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphine Potentiates Neuropathogenesis of SIV Infection in Rhesus Macaques

Bokhari

Hegde

Callen

et al. 2011

J Neuroimmune Pharmacol

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Despite the advent of antiretroviral therapy, complications of HIV-1 infection with concurrent drug abuse are an emerging problem. Opiates are well-known to modulate immune responses by preventing the development of cell-mediated immune responses. Their effect on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection however, remains controversial. Using the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/macaque model of HIV pathogenesis, we sought to explore the impact of morphine on disease progression and pathogenesis. Sixteen Rhesus macaques were divided into 2 groups; 4 were administered saline and twelve others morphine routinely. Both groups of animals were then inoculated with SIVmacR71/17E and followed longitudinally for disease pathogenesis. The morphine group (M+V) exhibited a trend towards higher mortality rates and retardation in weight gain compared to the virus alone group. Interestingly, a subset of M+V animals succumbed to disease within weeks post-infection. These rapid progressors also exhibited a higher incidence of other end-organ pathologies. Despite the higher numbers of circulating CD4+ and CD8+T cells in the M+V group, CD4:CD8 ratios between the groups remained unchanged. Plasma and CSF viral load in the M+V group was at least a log higher than the control group. Similarly there was a trend toward increased virus build-up in the brains of M+V animals compared with controls. A novel finding of this study was the increased influx of infected monocyte/macrophages in the brains of M+V animals.

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“…In developed countries, approximately 30% of HIV-positive individuals are intravenous drug abusers, and the risk for HAND is clearly greater among these individuals [87 • ]. The neuroinflammation associated with HAND appears to be exacerbated by drugs of abuse, as demonstrated by brain autopsy studies revealing a higher prevalence of HIV encephalitis [microglia activation, presence of multinucleated giant cells, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption] in drug-abusing HIV-positive individuals in comparison with non abusing HIV-positive controls [88–90]. These findings suggest that drug abuse exerts an additive (if not synergistic) effect with HIV within the CNS.…”

Section: Association Of Drugs Of Abuse and Risk For Hiv-associated Nementioning

confidence: 99%

Current understanding of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders pathogenesis

Gannon

Khan

Kolson

2011

Current Opinion in Neurology

230

168

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Purpose of review The present review discusses current concepts of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART). As the HIV epidemic enters its fourth decade (the second decade of ART), research must address evolving factors in HAND pathogenesis. These include persistent systemic and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, aging in the HIV-infected brain, HIV subtype (clade) distribution, concomitant use of drugs of abuse, and potential neurotoxicity of ART drugs. Recent findings Although the severest form of HAND, HIV-associated dementia (HAD), is now rare due to ART, the persistence of milder, functionally important HAND forms persist in up to half of HIV-infected individuals. HAND prevalence may be higher in areas of Africa where different HIV subtypes predominate, and ART regimens that are more effective in suppressing CNS HIV replication can improve neurological outcomes. HAND are correlated with persistent systemic and CNS inflammation, and enhanced neuronal injury due to stimulant abuse (cocaine and methamphetamine), aging, and possibly ART drugs themselves. Summary Prevention and treatment of HAND requires strategies aimed at suppressing CNS HIV replication and effects of systemic and CNS inflammation in aging and substance-abusing HIV populations. Use of improved CNS-penetrating ART must be accompanied by evaluation of potential ART neurotoxicity.

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The Neuropathology and Epidemiology of AIDS

Cited by 63 publications

References 72 publications

Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: systematic review and meta‐analysis

Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: systematic review and meta‐analysis

Morphine Potentiates Neuropathogenesis of SIV Infection in Rhesus Macaques

Current understanding of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders pathogenesis

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