The neurilemma cell in peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration

Satinsky, D.; Pepe, Frank A.; Liu, C.N.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(64)90052-4

Cited by 57 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Descriptive studies have long postulated the involvement of autophagy and/ or phagocytosis in myelin clearance by Schwann cells (28,29). Indeed, the intimate association of myelin with Schwann cell cytoplasm both before and after injury makes autophagy an attractive mechanism for myelin clearance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schwann cells use TAM receptor-mediated phagocytosis in addition to autophagy to clear myelin in a mouse model of nerve injury

Lutz

Chung

Sloan

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

170

160

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Ineffective myelin debris clearance is a major factor contributing to the poor regenerative ability of the central nervous system. In stark contrast, rapid clearance of myelin debris from the injured peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the keys to this system's remarkable regenerative capacity, but the molecular mechanisms driving PNS myelin clearance are incompletely understood. We set out to discover new pathways of PNS myelin clearance to identify novel strategies for activating myelin clearance in the injured central nervous system, where myelin debris is not cleared efficiently. Here we show that Schwann cells, the myelinating glia of the PNS, collaborate with hematogenous macrophages to clear myelin debris using TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) receptor-mediated phagocytosis as well as autophagy. In a mouse model of PNS nerve crush injury, Schwann cells up-regulate TAM phagocytic receptors Axl and Mertk following PNS injury, and Schwann cells lacking both of these phagocytic receptors exhibit significantly impaired myelin phagocytosis both in vitro and in vivo. Autophagy-deficient Schwann cells also display reductions in myelin clearance after mouse nerve crush injury, as has been recently shown following nerve transection. These findings add a mechanism, Axl/Mertk-mediated myelin clearance, to the repertoire of cellular machinery used to clear myelin in the injured PNS. Given recent evidence that astrocytes express Axl and Mertk and have previously unrecognized phagocytic potential, this pathway may be a promising avenue for activating myelin clearance after CNS injury.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schwann cells use TAM receptor-mediated phagocytosis in addition to autophagy to clear myelin in a mouse model of nerve injury

Lutz

Chung

Sloan

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

170

160

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“…The Schwann cells possessed electron-dense cytoplasm containing a greater than usual number of filaments, vesicular structures, and ribosomes. Cytological changes of this sort are thought to be correlated with acceleration of enzyme production after injury to the nerve (Nathaniel and Pease, 1963;Satinsky et al, 1964); Holtzmann and Novikoff, 1965. It has also been suggested that disturbances of Schwann cell metabolism may be sufficient to precipitate axon digestion in the absence of direct axonal injury (Weller and Herzog, I97O;Allt, 1971).…”

Section: H After Coolingmentioning

confidence: 97%

Induced hypothermia in peripheral nerve: Electron microscopic and electrophysiological observations

Basbaum

1973

J Neurocytol

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SummaryLocalized cooling of the cat sciatic nerve was achieved by application of a thermoelectric device to the exposed nerve at mid-thigh. The temperature of the nerve was maintained at 5°C for z h. Before, during, and after cooling, the response of the nerve to electrical stimulation was monitored, and compared with responses obtained in normothermic control preparations. In all cases, dropping the temperature of the nerve to 5°C resulted in total nerve block, and in all cases, function was restored when cooling stopped. Light and electron microscopic analysis of the cooled nerves revealed that despite functional recovery, a lesion affecting large myelinated axons developed over the course of 7 days. Both Wallerian degeneration and segmental demyelination occurred. Unmyelinated fibres were not affected.

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“…Some investigators stated that in in vivo (Liu, 1974) and in vitro (Crang and Blakemore, 1986) experiments SCs were not involved in phagocytosis and that only macrophages perform phagocytosis of axonal and myelin debris. Other electron microscopic studies (Holtzman and Novikoff, 1965;Nathaniel and Pease, 1963;O'Daly and Imaeda, 1967;Satinsky et al, 1964;Williams and Hall, 1971) showed that a myelin-lamellae-like structure is contained in cytoplasm of SCs in degenerating nerves. However, even among these studies there was some controversy on the extent that SCs take part in myelin removal; in some studies myelin removal is performed solely by SCs (Nathaniel and Pease, 1963;Satinsky et al, 1964), whereas in other works SCs need cooperation with macrophages (O'Daly and Imaeda, 1967;Williams and Hall, 1971).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Other electron microscopic studies (Holtzman and Novikoff, 1965;Nathaniel and Pease, 1963;O'Daly and Imaeda, 1967;Satinsky et al, 1964;Williams and Hall, 1971) showed that a myelin-lamellae-like structure is contained in cytoplasm of SCs in degenerating nerves. However, even among these studies there was some controversy on the extent that SCs take part in myelin removal; in some studies myelin removal is performed solely by SCs (Nathaniel and Pease, 1963;Satinsky et al, 1964), whereas in other works SCs need cooperation with macrophages (O'Daly and Imaeda, 1967;Williams and Hall, 1971). Beuche and Friede (1984) ex-plored a new approach for studying Wallerian degeneration by using nerves enclosed in diffusion chambers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Myelin phagocytosis by macrophages and nonmacrophages during Wallerian degeneration

Hirata

Kawabuchi

2002

Microscopy Res & Technique

175

134

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The literature concerning Schwann cells (SCs) and macrophages in myelin phagocytosis during Wallerian degeneration is reviewed. SCs carry out the first step in the removal of myelin by segmenting myelin and then incorporating the degraded myelin. The recruited macrophages then join in the myelin-phagocytosis event, appearing to make full use of their original phagocyte abilities until the end of myelin clearance. The molecular mechanisms of the two cells underlying myelin phagocytosis are thought to be different; myelin phagocytosis by SCs being lectin-mediated, i.e., opsonin-independent, whereas that of macrophages is mainly opsonin-dependent. It is important to note that SCs and macrophages cooperatively accomplish myelin phagocytosis.

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The neurilemma cell in peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration

Cited by 57 publications

References 10 publications

Schwann cells use TAM receptor-mediated phagocytosis in addition to autophagy to clear myelin in a mouse model of nerve injury

Schwann cells use TAM receptor-mediated phagocytosis in addition to autophagy to clear myelin in a mouse model of nerve injury

Induced hypothermia in peripheral nerve: Electron microscopic and electrophysiological observations

Myelin phagocytosis by macrophages and nonmacrophages during Wallerian degeneration

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