“…Beyond the market‐level forces constraining employment opportunities, formerly incarcerated people face additional barriers to employment at reentry. These barriers include those experienced by most marginalized workers (e.g., lower educational attainment, transportation, and lack of work experience), as well as additional barriers unique to their parole status, including outright barring from licensure for certain occupations (Harris & Keller, 2005; May, 1995); spatial mismatch between parolee daily activities and available jobs (Boessen & Hipp, 2021; Sugie & Lens, 2017); and the impacts of time incarcerated, including atrophied social networks and gaps in employment histories (Petersilia, 2003; Western, 2002). Furthermore, the stigma associated with a criminal record and/or history of incarceration results in employer aversion to hiring formerly incarcerated applicants (Holzer et al., 2006; Pager, 2003; Sugie et al., 2020).…”