“…A number of pathologies and stress events are known to disrupt enamel formation. These include genetic or inherited conditions such as amelogenesis imperfecta (Alt & Türp, ; Bhat & Nelson, ; Flanagan et al, ; Garn, Lewis, & Blizzard, ; Klingberg, Oskarsdottir, Johannesson, & Noren, ; Pindborg, ; Witkop, ); maternal disturbances including maternal diabetes, hypothyroidism and hypertension in pregnancy (Dolphin & Goodman, ; Grahnen & Edlund, ; Gregg, ; Guggenheimer, Nowak, & Michaels, ; Kreshover, Clough, & Hancock, ; Norén, ; Silva‐Sousa, Peres, & Foss, ; Vucic et al, ); variables reflecting prenatal experience such as gestational age, very low birth weight, and perinatal Vitamin Deficiency (Fearne, Bryan, Elliman, Brook, & Williams, ; Franco, Line, & de Moura‐Ribeiro, ; Grahnen & Larsson, ; Norén, ; Pimlott, Howley, Nikiforuk, & Fitzhardinge, ; Priya, Jaiprabhu, & Priya, ; Rythen et al, ; Seow, ; Seow, Brown, Tudehope, & O'Callaghan, ; Seow, Brown, Tudehope, & O'Callaghan, ); or subsequent conditions associated with birth and early neonatal life including trauma such as intubation (de Oliveira Melo, da Silva, & de Lima, ; Eli, Sarnat, & Talmi, ; Johnsen, Krejci, Hack, & Fanaroff, ; Schour & Kronfeld, ) as well as stress events or systemic disturbances to health occurring while the deciduous dentition is being formed. In many populations EH and IAS in early forming deciduous teeth are likely to result from the combined effect of several conditions such as malnutrition, parasitic load, and infectious diseases, and fevers (Hillson, ).…”