“…Focusing on Malaysia as a globally recognized education hub in South East Asia (Ghasemy et al 2021a, b, c;Knight and Morshidi 2011), higher education's important role in the country's economic development and the demands for knowledge generation and innovation made university education a priority for the Malaysian government (Norzaini et al 2011). Malaysian universities and the government work together to increase the nation's economic growth, while Malaysian universities are responsible for the task of producing a qualified workforce that fulfills the future's requirements (Thomas et al 2015). The overarching theme is not only establishing a world-class university system to make and keep Malaysia an established regional education hub (Ghasemy et al 2018a, b) but also transforming it into a knowledge-based economy (Sohail and Daud 2009).…”