“…For example, Aswani et al (2012:4) note how "[ecosystem-based management] in the Philippines (and much of the tropics) must balance the imperative to scale-up management to encompass ocean patterns and biological connections with the expectation for participatory planning". The challenge becomes scaling up to address system-level problems, while simultaneously scaling down to empower social actors (e.g., fishers or farmers organizations) at scales relevant to them (Armada et al, 2009;Bruckmeier, 2012;Charles, 2012;Christie, 2011;Coleman, 2009). …”