The Ne System as a Target for Hypocretin Neurons

Aston‐Jones, Gary; Card, J. Patrick; Zhu, Yan; González, Mónica M. C.; Haggerty, Elizabeth

doi:10.1007/0-387-25446-3_9

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Five lux of DWL N also induces maladaptive behaviors such as reduced sleep efficiency, depression and cognitive impairment. The regulation of circadian sleep-wake rhythm, and synchronicity with the light-dark cycle, is achieved by both oscillators of the SCN via the SPV and mainly the DMH which conveys circadian information to both sleep and wake mechanisms ( 15 , 24 , 54 , 131 – 133 ). DWL N progressively reduces the amplitude of the sleep-wake circadian rhythm by gradually reducing sleep during the light (inactive) phase, but leaving the daily total sleep amount unchanged ( 127 ).…”

Section: Nocturnal Dim Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dim Light at Night and Constant Darkness: Two Frequently Used Lighting Conditions That Jeopardize the Health and Well-being of Laboratory Rodents

González¹

2018

Front. Neurol.

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The influence of light on mammalian physiology and behavior is due to the entrainment of circadian rhythms complemented with a direct modulation of light that would be unlikely an outcome of circadian system. In mammals, physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms are regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. This central control allows organisms to predict and anticipate environmental change, as well as to coordinate different rhythmic modalities within an individual. In adult mammals, direct retinal projections to the SCN are responsible for resetting and synchronizing physiological and behavioral rhythms to the light-dark (LD) cycle. Apart from its circadian effects, light also has direct effects on certain biological functions in such a way that the participation of the SCN would not be fundamental for this network. The objective of this review is to increase awareness, within the scientific community and commercial providers, of the fact that laboratory rodents can experience a number of adverse health and welfare outcomes attributed to commonly-used lighting conditions in animal facilities during routine husbandry and scientific procedures, widely considered as “environmentally friendly.” There is increasing evidence that exposure to dim light at night, as well as chronic constant darkness, challenges mammalian physiology and behavior resulting in disrupted circadian rhythms, neural death, a depressive-behavioral phenotype, cognitive impairment, and the deregulation of metabolic, physiological, and synaptic plasticity in both the short and long terms. The normal development and good health of laboratory rodents requires cyclical light entrainment, adapted to the solar cycle of day and night, with null light at night and safe illuminating qualities during the day. We therefore recommend increased awareness of the limited information available with regards to lighting conditions, and therefore that lighting protocols must be taken into consideration when designing experiments and duly highlighted in scientific papers. This practice will help to ensure the welfare of laboratory animals and increase the likelihood of producing reliable and reproducible results.

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Section: Nocturnal Dim Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dim Light at Night and Constant Darkness: Two Frequently Used Lighting Conditions That Jeopardize the Health and Well-being of Laboratory Rodents

González¹

2018

Front. Neurol.

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“…However, aside from the fact that such a high-resolution is a rare exception achieved by a few ultrahigh field MR scanning sites, an important anatomical and functional feature of the LC suggests that lower imaging resolution should be sufficient. This feature is that the LC proper is surrounded by a shell of LC neuron dendrites termed the pericerulear zone (Aston-Jones et al, 2004). The size of the pericerulear dendritic zone is around 500 mm in rats and probably of similar size in humans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aside from the challenges of spatial scale, fMRI imaging of the LC is also challenged by the anatomical and functional complexity of this region. The pericerulear zone is rich in GABAergic neurons which project to the LC neurons probably providing inhibition for the LC noradrenergic system (Aston-Jones et al, 2004). The medial prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial hypothalamus, medial preoptic area, dorsal raphe, and central amygdala all influence LC activity and project densely to the medial peri-LC region but relatively little to the LC nucleus proper (Aston-Jones et al, 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The pericerulear zone is rich in GABAergic neurons which project to the LC neurons probably providing inhibition for the LC noradrenergic system (Aston-Jones et al, 2004). The medial prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial hypothalamus, medial preoptic area, dorsal raphe, and central amygdala all influence LC activity and project densely to the medial peri-LC region but relatively little to the LC nucleus proper (Aston-Jones et al, 2004). To make things more complicated there are additional inputs to the LC from other regions some of them supplying dopaminergic (SN/VTA) and cholinergic (pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmentum) neuromodulatory influences (for a review see (Samuels and Szabadi, 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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