The nature of hypnosis: Artifact and essence.

Orne, Martin T.

doi:10.1037/h0046128

Cited by 920 publications

(475 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…While some researchers postulated a divided stream of consciousness in hypnosis (Hilgard, 1980), others caution that the evidence only supports a state of high suggestibility (e.g., Barber, 1970;Kirsch & Lynn, 1998;Spanos, 1994). Hypnotized subjects reported or exhibited analgesia, vivid images, hallucinations in all sense modalities, amnesia, timelessness, detachment from the self, and a willingness to accept distortions of logic and reality (e.g., Kihlstrom, 1985;Orne, 1959;Tart, 1979). More commonly, hypnotized individuals remain fully alert, conversing with people and navigating the environment normally.…”

Section: Hypnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research shows that young adults with frontal brain damage perform at the level of six-or seven-year-olds on PiagetÕs inclusion or other categorization tasks (Houde & Joyes, 1995), demonstrating the intimate link between logical reasoning ability and prefrontal cortex viability. In hypnosis, logic is similarly suspended (Orne, 1959), further implicating prefrontal circuits.…”

Section: Hypnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis

Dietrich

2003

Consciousness and Cognition

391

286

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It is the central hypothesis of this paper that the mental states commonly referred to as altered states of consciousness are principally due to transient prefrontal cortex deregulation. Supportive evidence from psychological and neuroscientific studies of dreaming, endurance running, meditation, daydreaming, hypnosis, and various druginduced states is presented and integrated. It is proposed that transient hypofrontality is the unifying feature of all altered states and that the phenomenological uniqueness of each state is the result of the differential viability of various frontal circuits. Using an evolutionary approach, consciousness is conceptualized as hierarchically ordered cognitive function. Higher-order structures perform increasingly integrative functions and thus contribute more sophisticated content. Although this implies a holistic approach to consciousness, such a functional hierarchy localizes the most sophisticated layers of consciousness in the zenithal higher-order structure: the prefrontal cortex. The hallmark of altered states of consciousness is the subtle modification of behavioral and cognitive functions that are typically ascribed to the prefrontal cortex. The theoretical framework presented yields a number of testable hypotheses.

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Section: Hypnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis

Dietrich

2003

Consciousness and Cognition

391

286

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…We used the real-simulating paradigm of hypnosis (Orne, 1959). This paradigm compares the performance of real, hypnotized people with that of simulating, unhypnotized people who are motivated to respond to the demands of the hypnotic setting.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypnotic sex change: Creating and challenging a delusion in the laboratory.

Noble¹,

McConkey²

1995

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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The authors suggested a change of sex to virtuoso, high-hypnotizable, and low-hypnotizable simulating participants in an application of the real-simulating paradigm of hypnosis. The experiences of sex change that participants reported during hypnosis were challenged through procedures of contradiction and confrontation. Behavioral and self-report data indicated that virtuosos experienced a transient delusion about their sex that was compelling and resistant to challenge. Implications are discussed for investigations of delusion through the use of hypnosis in the laboratory and for understanding delusion in the clinical setting.

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“…This would have been indicated if the difference between the scores for the two administrations of the VCI in Group 1 was significantly greater than the difference between the scores for the two administrations of the VCI in Group 3. Many researchers like Orne (1959Orne ( , 1967 and Lazarus (1973) consider the expectation of hypnosis very powerful; whereas, the expectation of relaxation should not have the same effect. This prediction would have also been indicated because Hamberger and Lohr (1980) and the study found within that article (Rehm et al, 1974) Since the relaxation technique used in this study may have increased the vividness of visual imagery when correctly labeled, it will be difficult to determine whether the difference between the first and second VCI scores in Groups 1 and 2 (both groups expected hypnosis by the time the second VCI was administered) were due to expectation of hypnosis or the relaxation technique or some combination of the two.…”

Section: Chapter III Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of subject expectations of "hypnosis" upon the vividness of visual imagery

Nilsson¹

2000

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There is no consensus of how hypnosis works. The two major theorists in hypnosis research, the Phenomenologists and the Behaviorists, disagree on this issue. ThePhenomenologists consider individual talent and change of the state of consciousness the key to how hypnosis works.The Behaviorists consider the social situation and the roles taken by the experimenter and subject, especially the 2 subject's expectations of hypnosis, the mainspring of the hypnotic process. These results are discussed in relation to the Behavioral and Phenomenological theories, especially the specific studies this experiment was based on (Coe et al., 1980;Lazarus, 1973). Some suggestions for further research are also made.

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The nature of hypnosis: Artifact and essence.

Cited by 920 publications

References 24 publications

Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis

Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis

Hypnotic sex change: Creating and challenging a delusion in the laboratory.

The effect of subject expectations of "hypnosis" upon the vividness of visual imagery

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