Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis

Dietrich, Arne

doi:10.1016/s1053-8100(02)00046-6

Cited by 381 publications

(318 citation statements)

References 102 publications

(137 reference statements)

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“…It is important then to note that despite appearing to be independent concepts, physical and mental effort similarly put strain on the cognitive system by expending cognitive resources (Dietrich, 2003;Dietrich & Sparling, 2004;Franconeri, Alverez & Cavanagh, 2013). Mental and physical effort therefore draw from and deplete a common cognitive resource.…”

Section: Mental and Physical Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given these findings highlighting the similarities between the effects of physical and mental effort on time perception, one can hypothesise that physical and mental exertion could have similar disruptive effects on temporal measures of the sense of agency, driven by the depletion of cognitive resources (Dietrich, 2003;Dietrich & Sparling, 2004, Franconeri et al, 2013Hon et al, 2013).…”

Section: Effort Disrupts Implicit Agencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

2016

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We investigated the effect of effort on implicit agency ascription for actions performed under varying levels of physical effort or cognitive load. People are able to estimate the interval between two events accurately, but they underestimate the interval between their own actions and their outcomes. This effect is known as 'intentional binding', and may provide feedback regarding the consequences of our actions. Concurrently with the interval reproduction task, our participants pulled sports resistance bands at high and low resistance levels (Experiments 1 and 2), or performed a working memory task with high and low set-sizes (Experiment 3).Intentional binding was greater under low than high effort. When the effort was task-related (Experiment 1), this effect depended on the individual's explicit appraisal of exertion, while the effect of effort was evident at the group level when the effort was task-unrelated (physical, Experiment 2; mental, Experiment 3). These findings imply that the process of intentional binding is compromised when cognitive resources are depleted, either through physical or mental strain. We discuss this notion in relation to the integration of direct sensorimotor feedback with signals of agency and other instances of cognitive resource depletion and action control during strain.Keywords: Sense of agency, temporal binding, intentional binding, experience of effort, time perception. EFFORT DISRUPTS IMPLICIT AGENCY 3 Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agencyIt is important that the human motor system can efficiently process events which are the result of its own actions, and to discriminate these from events in the world for which it is not responsible. For instance, if I kick a ball and it knocks over and smashes a vase of flowers, I know my action of kicking the ball was responsible for the vase smashing. Selfauthored events like this tend to be easy to identify and this feeling that 'I did it' is known as a sense of agency. Some actions are more effortful than others; kicking a ball as hard as one can might break a vase, but so might brushing one's arm against it as one walks past it precariously positioned near the edge of a table. Both these actions have the same outcome, but might require the action monitoring system to respond differently in order to correctly ascribe agency. Here, we tested the role of physical and mental effort on the ascription of sense of agency, using an implicit measure.

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Section: Mental and Physical Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effort Disrupts Implicit Agencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

2016

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“…As a result they were absent [456]. Since OMs represent the formation of integrated conscious experiences, their absence may explain such unusual subjective experiences during pure hypnosis as amnesia, timelessness, detachment from the self, a "willingness" to accept distortions of logic or reality, and the lack of initiative or willful movement [560].…”

Section: Predictions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural world physical, brain operational, and mind phenomenal space–time

Fingelkurts

Neves

2010

Physics of Life Reviews

165

233

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Concepts of space and time are widely developed in physics. However, there is a considerable lack of biologically plausible theoretical frameworks that can demonstrate how space and time dimensions are implemented in the activity of the most complex life-system -the brain with a mind. Brain activity is organized both temporally and spatially, thus representing space-time in the brain. Critical analysis of recent research on the space-time organization of the brain's activity pointed to the existence of so-called operational space-time in the brain. This space-time is limited to the execution of brain operations of differing complexity. During each such brain operation a particular short-term spatio-temporal pattern of integrated activity of different brain areas emerges within related operational space-time. At the same time, to have a fully functional human brain one needs to have a subjective mental experience. Current research on the subjective mental experience offers detailed analysis of space-time organization of the mind. According to this research, subjective mental experience (subjective virtual world) has definitive spatial and temporal properties similar to many physical phenomena. Based on systematic review of the propositions and tenets of brain and mind space-time descriptions, our aim in this review essay is to explore the relations between the two. To be precise, we would like to discuss the hypothesis that via the brain operational space-time the mind subjective space-time is connected to otherwise distant physical space-time reality.Key words: spatial, temporal, consciousness, cognition, operation, architectonics, EEG, field, metastability, physics, coordinative dynamics, self-organization, cortex.

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“…These changes in cortical blood flow are similar to those induced by memory tasks and visual stimulation [15] and this may be the mechanism whereby cognitive perfor- mance is increased. Endurance exercise, such as circuit style exercise and running, has been proposed to produce a deregulation of the highest level of consciousness associated with the prefrontal cortex and an adverse effect on executive control during exercise [17]. This hypothesis also proposes that all motor cortex activation will cease, and functioning restored, immediately as soon as the altered state, such as that produced by exercise, has ended.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise and academic achievement in children: Effects of acute class-based circuit training

Dickinson¹,

Duncan²,

Eyre³

2018

Hum Mov.

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Purpose. For schools, the increasingly imposed requirement to achieve well in academic tests puts increasing emphasis on improving academic achievement. While treadmill exercise has been shown to have beneficial effects on cognitive function and cycling ergometers produce stronger effect sizes than treadmill running, it is impractical for schools to use these on a whole-class basis. There is a need to examine if more ecologically valid modes of exercise might have a similar impact on academic achievement. Circuit training is one such modality shown to benefit cognitive function and recall ability and is easily operationalised within schools. Methods. In a repeated measures design, twenty-six children (17 boys, 8 girls) aged 10-11 years (mean age 10.3; SD ± 0.46 years) completed the Wide range Achievement Test (WrAT 4) at rest and following 30 minutes of exercise. Results. Standardised scores for word reading were significantly higher post exercise (F(1,18) = 49.9, p = 0.0001) compared to rest. In contrast, standardised scores for sentence comprehension (F(1,18) = 0.078, p = 0.783), spelling (F(1,18) = 4.07, p = 0.06) mathematics (F(1,18) = 1.257, p = 0.277), and reading (F(1,18) = 2.09, p = 0.165) were not significantly different between rest and exercise conditions. Conclusions. The results of the current study suggest acute bouts of circuit based exercise enhances word reading but not other areas of academic ability in 10-11 year old children. These findings support prior research that indicates acute bouts of exercise can selectively improve cognition in children.

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Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis

Cited by 381 publications

References 102 publications

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

Natural world physical, brain operational, and mind phenomenal space–time

Exercise and academic achievement in children: Effects of acute class-based circuit training

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