The natural killer cell‐associated rs9916629‐C allele is a novel genetic risk factor for fatal COVID‐19

Abstract

The severity of COVID‐19 is associated with individual genetic host factors. Among these, genetic polymorphisms affecting natural killer (NK) cell responses, as variations in the HLA‐E‐ (HLA‐E*0101/0103), FcγRIIIa‐ (FcγRIIIa‐158‐F/V), and NKG2C‐ (KLRC2wt/del) receptor, were associated with severe COVID‐19. Recently, the rs9916629‐C/T genetic polymorphism was identified that indirectly shape the human NK cell repertoire towards highly pro‐inflammatory CD56bright NK cells. We investigated whether the rs9916629‐C/T variants alone and in comparison to the other risk factors are associated with a fatal course of COVID‐19. We included 1042 hospitalized surviving and 159 nonsurviving COVID‐19 patients as well as 1000 healthy controls. rs9916629‐C/T variants were genotyped by TaqMan assays and were compared between the groups. The patients' age, comorbidities, HLA‐E*0101/0103, FcγRIIIa‐158‐F/V, and KLRC2wt/del variants were also determined. The presence of the rs9916629‐C allele was a risk factor for severe and fatal COVID‐19 (p < 0.0001), independent of the patients' age or comorbidities. Fatal COVID‐19 was more frequent in younger patients (<69.85 years) carrying the FcγRIIIa‐158‐V/V (p < 0.006) and in older patients expressing the KLRC2del variant (p < 0.003). Thus, patients with the rs9916629‐C allele have a significantly increased risk for fatal COVID‐19 and identification of the genetic variants may be used as prognostic marker for hospitalized COVID‐19 patients.

Association between human genetic variants affecting the host NK cell response and the development of herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis

“…HLA‐E genotyping was performed using a previously published TaqMan protocol, with primers and probes as described in detail earlier 24 . The rs9916629 C/T variants were determined using an in‐house TaqMan assay 25 . The rs9916629 and HLA‐E TaqMan assays were performed with the Luna Universal Probe qPCR Master Mix (NEB Biolabs) as recommended by the manufacturers.…”

“…24 The rs9916629 C/T variants were determined using an in-house TaqMan assay. 25 The rs9916629 and HLA-E TaqMan assays were performed with the Luna Universal Probe qPCR Master Mix (NEB Biolabs) as recommended by the manufacturers.…”