The natural history of reproduction in Solanum and Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in a subtropical moist forest

Smith, Stacey D.; Knapp, Sandra

doi:10.1017/s0968044602000051

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Some studies allude to a relationship between time of foraging and body size and colour in diurnal bees, such that larger or darker species are the first to visit flowers in the morning, and as the day proceeds progressively smaller and lighter coloured taxa arrive (e.g. Hurd & Linsley, 1975; Smith & Knapp, 2002). Many dim‐light taxa are also relatively pale in body colour, though again exceptions exist.…”

Section: Overview Of Dim‐light Foraging In Beesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural environments and niche construction: the evolution of dim‐light foraging in bees

Wcislo

Tierney

2009

Biological Reviews

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Most bees forage for floral resources during the day, but temporal patterns of foraging activity vary extensively, and foraging in dim-light environments has evolved repeatedly. Facultative dim-light foraging behaviour is known in five of nine families of bees, while obligate behaviour is known in four families and evolved independently at least 19 times. The light intensity under which bees forage varies by a factor of 10 8 , and therefore the evolution of dim-light foraging represents the invasion of a new, extreme niche. The repeated evolution of dim-light foraging behaviour in bees allows tests of the hypothesis that behaviour acts as an evolutionary pacemaker. With the exception of one species of Apis, facultative dim-light foragers show no external structural traits that are thought to enable visually mediated flight behaviour in low-light environments. By contrast, most obligate dim-light foragers show a suite of convergent optical traits such as enlarged ocelli and compound eyes. In one intensively studied species (Megalopta genalis) these optical changes are associated with neurobiological changes to enhance photon capture. The available ecological evidence suggests that an escape from competition for pollen and nectar resources and avoidance of natural enemies are driving factors in the evolution of obligate dim-light foraging.

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Section: Overview Of Dim‐light Foraging In Beesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural environments and niche construction: the evolution of dim‐light foraging in bees

Wcislo

Tierney

2009

Biological Reviews

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“…Many specimens have been collected with immature fruits, and these have been collected throughout the year. In Belize, the corollas of this species open at sunrise and close at sunset (Smith and Knapp 2002).…”

Section: Preliminary Conservation Statusmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The divaricate, zigzag branching of this species, in combination with a distinctive size/shape difference of the paired geminate leaves, soft long, pale trichomes, and very long calyx appendages, is quite different from any other species of Lycianthes in Mexico and Central America. The pollination of this species was studied in Belize by Smith and Knapp (2002), and they found that the flowers are visited by the bee genus Paratetrapedia.…”

Section: Preliminary Conservation Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala

Dean¹,

Poore²,

Anguiano-Constante³

et al. 2020

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Lycianthes, the third most species-rich genus in the Solanaceae, is distributed in both the New and Old Worlds and is especially diverse in Mexico. Here we provide an identification key, taxonomic descriptions, distribution maps, and illustrations of specimens, trichomes, flowers, and fruits for the 53 known Lycianthes taxa of Mexico and Guatemala. The new combination Lycianthes scandens (Mill.) M.Nee is made and replaces the name Lycianthes lenta (Cav.) Bitter, which is placed in synonymy. Within L. scandens, two varieties are recognized (Lycianthes scandens var. scandens and Lycianthes scandens var. flavicans (Bitter) J.Poore & E.Dean, comb. nov.). In addition, one new species (Lycianthes rafatorresii E.Dean, sp. nov.) is described from eastern Mexico, and 10 names (either recognized taxa or synonyms of recognized taxa) are lectotypified, including the names Solanum heteroclitum Sendtn., S. rantonnetii Carrière, and S. synantherum Sendtn. The species L. multiflora Bitter and L. synanthera (Sendtn.) Bitter are excluded from the treatment, as research indicates that they do not occur in Mexico and Guatemala, however full synonymy for both names is given.

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“…Solanum is the most speciose genus within the family, with about 1500 species, and has flowers that are buzz‐pollinated due to their typical poricidal anthers that hide the pollen inside. The release of pollen from the stiff anthers requires manipulation of the stamens (Thorp ; Smith & Knapp ). Only some bees are capable of vibrating the flowers (buzzing) in order to collect the pollen (Michener ; Wille ; Buchmann ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of pollen reward and pollen availability in Solanum stramoniifolium and Solanum paniculatum for buzz‐pollinating carpenter bees

2013

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The two widespread tropical Solanum species S. paniculatum and S. stramoniifolium are highly dependent on the visits of large bees that pollinate the flowers while buzzing them. Both Solanum species do not offer nectar reward; the rewarding of bees is thus solely dependent on the availability of pollen. Flower visitors are unable to visually assess the amount of pollen, because the pollen is hidden in poricidal anthers. In this study we ask whether and how the amount of pollen determines the attractiveness of flowers for bees. The number of pollen grains in anthers of S. stramoniifolium was seven times higher than in S. paniculatum. By contrast, the handling time per five flowers for carpenter bees visiting S. paniculatum was 3.5 times shorter than of those visiting S. stramoniifolium. As a result foraging carpenter bees collected a similar number of pollen grains per unit time on flowers of both species. Experimental manipulation of pollen availability by gluing the anther pores showed that the carpenter bees were unable to detect the availability of pollen by means of chemical cues before landing and without buzzing. Our study shows that the efficiency of pollen collecting on S. paniculatum is based on large inflorescences with short between-flower search times and short handling time of individual flowers, whereas that of S. stramoniifolium relies on a large amount of pollen per flower. Interestingly, large carpenter bees are able to adjust their foraging behaviour to drastically different strategies of pollen reward in otherwise very similar plant species.

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The natural history of reproduction in Solanum and Lycianthes (Solanaceae) in a subtropical moist forest

Cited by 8 publications

References 32 publications

Behavioural environments and niche construction: the evolution of dim‐light foraging in bees

Behavioural environments and niche construction: the evolution of dim‐light foraging in bees

The genus Lycianthes (Solanaceae, Capsiceae) in Mexico and Guatemala

Assessment of pollen reward and pollen availability in Solanum stramoniifolium and Solanum paniculatum for buzz‐pollinating carpenter bees

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