The Natural History of Epistaxis in Patients with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia in the Norwegian population: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Compared with other populations, the grading of epistaxis in Norwegian patients with HHT gave generally similar results. A multicenter epidemiological study is required to get a larger study population. A common internationally accepted grading or classification system for epistaxis in HHT is highly recommended.

Epistaxis in children and adolescents with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

“…It may be that the physiological changes in puberty do not play a role in worsening epistaxis and that a longer time period is required to show progression. Consistent with one report of adults with HHT, severity of epistaxis did not vary significantly by sex …”

Bevacizumab in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia‐associated epistaxis: Effectiveness of an injection protocol based on the vascular anatomy of the nose

“…The grades of epistaxis were recorded during direct interview with the patients before the procedure and afterward monthly by telephone interview. We used our previously published IFT grading system, which depends on the intensity (I), the frequency (F) of epistaxis, and the amount of blood transfusion (T) during the period of the last 4 weeks 22, 23. Additional grading was done using the epistaxis severity score (ESS) system 24…”

The minimal important difference of the epistaxis severity score in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

“…Although the rupture of visceral AVMs may pose the greatest threat to HHT patients, the most common symptom of HHT by far is recurrent epistaxis. More than 96% of HHT patients complain of epistaxis, and more than 75% of them will develop recurrent epistaxis before adulthood . Recurrent epistaxis in these patients is caused by disruption of the friable walls of mucosal telangiectasias inside the nasal cavity .…”