THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOUR OF CHIMPANZEES <i>Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi</i> AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR CARE IN ZOOS

Reynolds, Vernon; Reynolds, F.H.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1965.tb01612.x

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Desmond Morris [1960] described a device that released fish into a seal pool at the London Zoo. Zoo designers began to incorporate knowledge of animals' natural history into exhibit plans in the 1960s [Kortland, 1960;Reynolds and Reynolds, 1965;Freeman and Alcock, 1973]. Maple and Finlay [1989] introduced to the zoo community the concepts of "soft" and "hard" environments in reference to zoo exhibits borrowing from the field of environmental psychology [Sommer, 1974].…”

Section: History Of Environmental Enrichmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Philosophy of environmental enrichment: Past, present, and future

2001

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The brief tenure of environmental enrichment has been influenced both directly and indirectly by the field of psychology, from the work of B.F. Skinner to that of Hal Markowitz. Research on enrichment supports the supposition that an enriched environment does indeed contribute to a captive animal’s well‐being. Critical elements of effective environmental enrichment are 1) assessing the animal’s natural history, individual history, and exhibit constraints and 2) providing species‐appropriate opportunities, i.e., the animal should have some choices within its environment. This paper presents a historic perspective of environmental enrichment, proposes a broader, more holistic approach to the enrichment of animals in captive environments, and describes a framework or process that will ensure a consistent and self‐sustaining enrichment program. Zoo Biol 20:211–226, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: History Of Environmental Enrichmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Philosophy of environmental enrichment: Past, present, and future

2001

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“…Breeding is now largely on hold, and institutions are seeking to establish naturalistic social groups in "sanctuaries." Calls for the establishment of naturalistic captive groups go back to Garner [1896], and specific suggestions for such groupings were already made by Kortlandt [1960Kortlandt [ , 1966 and Reynolds and Reynolds [1965].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful formation of a large chimpanzee group out of two preexisting subgroups

2001

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Descriptions of the formation of relatively large groups of unfamiliar chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in captivity are scarce in the literature. Nineteen chimpanzees from preexisting subgroups were introduced into a social group at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. The group included two adult males, six adult females along with six dependent infants, and five unrelated juveniles, four of whom had been hand-raised in a nursery unit. Here we provide details on dyadic and multiparty introductions as well as technical details on the indoor/outdoor compound. The introduction process itself took more than 3 weeks, and was completed without major injuries. The introductions combined with 4 years of follow-up data on aggression, grooming, and affiliative behavior confirm that even chimpanzees from an environment that does not promote complex social skills can be formed into a large multimale- multifemale group. During the introductions, low rates of agonistic behavior among adult females were offset by high rates of affiliative behavior. The two adult males, however, showed contact aggression during the first 10 minutes, after which such behavior virtually disappeared, whereas affiliative behavior increased. Three months after their first introduction, the two males reversed dominance ranks within the group, and hierarchical stability has been maintained since. During the 4-year postintroductory period, grooming rates slightly decreased, but group cohesion was maintained. The frequency of aggression among all adults, including the males, increased during the 4-year period, but aggression was generally of low intensity after the first year. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc

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“…Most of the play involved immature subjects. As Reynolds andReynolds [ 1965, p. 1421 pointed out, young feral chimpanzees "play and exercise in trees, where they enjoy chasing, climbing, hanging, swinging, brachiating, and other acrobatics." The young subjects in the current study exhibited exactly those behaviors when using the tree.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using the tree as a "refuge" during an agonistic encounter in the group was recorded on 15 occasions. Reynolds andReynolds [1965, p. 1421 noted that "chim-panzees frequently use the foliage of trees to hide themselves from disturbances." In the current study, on most of these occasions an infant ran underneath branches of the tree as a mature male was displaying, and on a few occasions adult females took cover using the tree as a visual or protective barrier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since trees are a salient component of feral chimpanzees' environments, it was predicted that the trees would elicit speciesspecific behavior by increasing the environmental complexity and providing a food source that would be available to the animals as they chose. As Reynolds andReynolds [1965, p. 1421 explained, trees "provide some of the natural variations of environmental stimulation"; they are "a means of acrobatic play, exercise, and brachiation", in addition to supplying "both the site and materials for the construction of sleeping nests. "…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uprooted trees facilitate the psychological well‐being of captive chimpanzees

Maki

Bloomsmith

1989

Zoo Biology

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Resources Department, Bastrop (M.A. 6.)After the introduction of uprooted trees to their environment, the behavior of 28 socially housed, laboratory chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was studied for five months. Subjects used the tree during 41.9% of the data points collected during the first day trees were introduced. Thereafter, the mean for tree use dropped to 3.5% and remained fairly consistent. Immature subjects used the trees significantly more than did adult subjects, as measured by the Mann-Whitney U-test. No sex difference was detected. The trees elicited a variety of species-appropriate behaviors. Increasing the similarity between the behavior of captive and wild chimpanzees can be viewed as promoting the psychological well-being of the captive animals.

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THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOUR OF CHIMPANZEES Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR CARE IN ZOOS

Cited by 14 publications

References 4 publications

Philosophy of environmental enrichment: Past, present, and future

Philosophy of environmental enrichment: Past, present, and future

Successful formation of a large chimpanzee group out of two preexisting subgroups

Uprooted trees facilitate the psychological well‐being of captive chimpanzees

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