Uprooted trees facilitate the psychological well‐being of captive chimpanzees

Maki, Susan; Bloomsmith, Mollie A.

doi:10.1002/zoo.1430080110

Cited by 33 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The combined provision and continuous auailability of perches, balls, toys, mirrors, and fleece led to higher durations of use than in several studies that utilized other physical enhancements [Bloomsmith et al, 1990b;Maki & Bloomsmith, 1989;Line & Morgan, 1991;Bryant et al, 19881. The continuous availability of these enrichers compared to the other conditions tested, when there were periods with no enrichment available, probably contributed to the higher use scores.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Behavioral effects of enrichment on singly‐housed, yearling rhesus monkeys: An analysis including three enrichment conditions and a control group

Schapiro

Bloomsmith

1995

American J Primatol

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Veterinary Sciences, BastropThree cohorts of yearling rhesus monkeys (Mucucu mulattu) were maintained in single cages for one year as part of a derivation program to produce a breeding colony of specific pathogen-free (SPF) monkeys. During this year of social restriction, subjects were provided with three different types of environmental enrichment (physical, feeding, and sensory) to counteract the known effects of social restriction and to quantify the effects of these different conditions of enhancement on their behavior. Focal animal observations were conducted on enriched and control subjects for all cohorts. Enrichment conditions were presented in a different order to each cohort. Monkeys provided with enrichment spent significantly more time playing and less time self-grooming than did control monkeys in unenriched cages, suggesting that the overall enrichment program was of some benefit to the monkeys, because these changes in behavior were in species-typical directions. Among enriched subjects only, there were significant differences in the amount of time spent drinking, grooming, feeding, playing, exploring, and using enrichment across the three enrichment conditions. Both the physical and feeding enrichment conditions led to species-appropriate changes in behavior, therefore enhancing psychological well-being as some define it. Sensory enrichment was of little benefit. The first cohort was housed indoors, received less stimulation from the environment outside of the single cage, and used enrichment more than did the other two cohorts housed outdoors. This suggests that the external environment influences behavior in the single cage and that enrichment may be most effective for animals housed indoors. o 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Behavioral effects of enrichment on singly‐housed, yearling rhesus monkeys: An analysis including three enrichment conditions and a control group

Schapiro

Bloomsmith

1995

American J Primatol

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“…Mere absence of pathological behaviors will not be sufficient. One possibility is that the presence of behaviors common in a species' natural habitat (i.e., species-specific behaviors) is indicative of psychological well-being, an idea that is often expressed in both the scientific (Maki and Bloomsmith 1989) and popular (Hearn 1994) literature. In other words, an animal doing what is "natural" should be happy.…”

Section: Psychological Well-being and Quality Of Life In Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality from the Perspective of a Primatologist

King

Weiss

2011

Personality and Temperament in Nonhuman Primates

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Although concerns about anthropomorphism and subjectivity have limited the widespread use of subjective personality ratings in primate research, recent developments show that subjective personality ratings of primates have acceptable interrater reliabilities and display good evidence of construct validity. The role of human personality dimensions or factors has typically been one of defining the taxonomy of human personality and examining relationships between those factors and multiple human traits and outcomes. We describe three additional areas in which subjective personality ratings may be useful within the context of primatology. First, when human personality factors are extended to nonhuman primates, interspecies differences in factor structure afford opportunities to infer changes that have occurred in the underlying behavioral correlations during evolutionary development. In other words, personality factors can be interpreted as evolutionary characters. Our studies show a close correspondence between the personality factor structure of chimpanzees and orangutans with one notable exception. We suspect that a factor in chimpanzees reflecting an association between aggression, emotionality, and unpredictability is homologous to the Conscientiousness factor in humans. Such a Conscientiousness factor is completely absent in orangutans. This chimpanzee factor may be a consequence of intense intragroup competition in male chimpanzees. Second, the highly aggressive disposition of wild male chimpanzees may also reflect a spectrum of personality differences between male and female chimpanzees. Male chimpanzees score higher than females on traits related to aggression, unpredictability, and emotionality, a pattern unlike that displayed by humans. Third, subjective personality ratings are potentially useful in addressing the disparity between current measures of

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“…While the use of some types of environmental enhancements declines with time, others elicit use for many days or months [Bayne et al, 1992;Boccia, 1989;Maki & Bloomsmith, 1989;Pruetz & Bloomsmith, 1992;Weld et al, 1989;Westergaard & Fragaszy, 19851. Enrichment techniques other than the addition of objects to the primates' enclosure have not been explored as thoroughly. Visual enrichments, such as televisions and mirrors, have been noted as possible enrichers but not evaluated as such until recently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term use of televisions, balls, and mirrors as enrichment for paired and singly caged chimpanzees

Brent

Stone

1996

American J Primatol

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The evaluation of environmental enrichment techniques for nonhuman primates over long periods of time has had mixed results. Some studies report rapid habituation to new enrichment items, while others note continued use. We have investigated the use of three different enrichments that had been available to paired and singly caged chimpanzees for several years. Twenty subjects were observed during 200 hr of scan sampling while singly caged and while pair housed. Each subject had a variety of enrichments available and their use of a television, ball, and mirror were recorded. The chimpanzees had previous exposure to all of the items: televisions had been available for a mean of 22.75 months, balls had been available for 55.9 months, and mirrors had been available for 25.9 months. The results indicated that the chimpanzees continued to use the enrichments for small amounts of time (0.27%–1.53% of the observations) even after such prolonged exposure. Television and ball use were significantly higher than mirror use. Housing condition was not a significant factor in the analyses, contrary to expectations. We concluded that several simple enrichment items may be effective in offering variety and choices to the nonhuman primate and can be one element in a comprehensive environmental enhancement plan. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Uprooted trees facilitate the psychological well‐being of captive chimpanzees

Cited by 33 publications

References 5 publications

Behavioral effects of enrichment on singly‐housed, yearling rhesus monkeys: An analysis including three enrichment conditions and a control group

Behavioral effects of enrichment on singly‐housed, yearling rhesus monkeys: An analysis including three enrichment conditions and a control group

Personality from the Perspective of a Primatologist

Long‐term use of televisions, balls, and mirrors as enrichment for paired and singly caged chimpanzees

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