The nasal cycle: a comprehensive review

Pendolino, Alfonso Luca; Lund, VJ; Nardello, Ennio; Ottaviano, Giancarlo

doi:10.4193/rhinol/18.021

Cited by 43 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…The typical awake freely breathing respiration rates are~0.1-0.3 Hz in humans and~1-3 Hz in mice [18][19][20] . The flow of air in one nostril is greater than the other because there is a slight turbinate swelling in one nostril that switches between the nostrils every few hours [21][22][23][24][25] . The nasal cavity is a complex organ containing several passages and turbinates.…”

Section: An Overview Of the Olfactory Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral and unilateral odor processing and odor perception

2020

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Imagine smelling a novel perfume with only one nostril and then smelling it again with the other nostril. Clearly, you can tell that it is the same perfume both times. This simple experiment demonstrates that odor information is shared across both hemispheres to enable perceptual unity. In many sensory systems, perceptual unity is believed to be mediated by inter-hemispheric connections between iso-functional cortical regions. However, in the olfactory system, the underlying neural mechanisms that enable this coordination are unclear because the two olfactory cortices are not topographically organized and do not seem to have homotypic inter-hemispheric mapping. This review presents recent advances in determining which aspects of odor information are processed unilaterally or bilaterally, and how odor information is shared across the two hemispheres. We argue that understanding the mechanisms of inter-hemispheric coordination can provide valuable insights that are hard to achieve when focusing on one hemisphere alone. I n the early 1940s, patients suffering from severe untreatable epileptic seizures underwent a pioneering operation in which their corpus callosum was severed. While this mitigated the epilepsy syndromes, it generated strange phenomena: each hemisphere seemed to have its own separate perception, concepts, and even actions. When such split-brain patients were shown an image of an object in their left visual field, they could not vocally name what they had seen. This is because information about the image seen in the left visual field is sent only to the right side of the brain, while the speech-control center is usually on the left side of the brain. Nonetheless, patients could pick up the correct object with their left hand because it is controlled by the right hemisphere 1. Some of the surgery-induced deficits improved over time, but they illustrate one important principle: the fibers that interconnect the hemispheres are responsible for transferring information from one side to the other. These connecting fibers may be required to achieve perceptual unity, at least in some sensory modalities. But how is perceptual unity achieved? There are several possible ways to achieve perceptual unity in the healthy brain. One way is to ensure that sensory information is transmitted to both hemispheres directly from the sensory organs. This is how auditory information is unified across hemispheres: information from both ears converges to the left and the right Superior Olivary

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Section: An Overview Of the Olfactory Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral and unilateral odor processing and odor perception

2020

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“…Importantly, given that mucosal congestion is capable of blocking the nasal airway lumen (Soane et al, ), Yokley () has convincingly argued that fully decongested morphology likely represents the functional state under natural selection, as it represents the maximum potential airway dimensions achievable by an individual. Indeed, it is widely accepted that the nasal cycle—the reciprocal alternation of congestion/decongestion between the left and right nasal passages—permits the mucosa of the congested nasal passage to recuperate while the patent decongested side performs the majority of the respiratory air‐conditioning (Eccles, , ; Hasegawa & Kern, ; Pendolino, Lund, Nardello, & Ottaviano, ). As decongested nasal mucosa is typically less than 0.5 mm thick (Beule, ), the morphology of the bony turbinate alone is generally accepted to provide a reliable proxy for its in vivo anatomy at full decongestion (Heuzé, ; Yokley, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic adaptation in human inferior nasal turbinate morphology: Evidence from Arctic and equatorial populations

Marks

Maddux

Butaric

et al. 2019

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: The nasal turbinates directly influence the overall size, shape, and surface area of the nasal passages, and thus contribute to intranasal heat and moisture exchange. However, unlike the encapsulating walls of the nasal cavity, ecogeographic variation in nasal turbinate morphology among humans has not yet been established.Here we investigate variation in inferior nasal turbinate morphology in two populations from climatically extreme environments.Materials and methods: Twenty-three linear measurements of the inferior turbinate, nasal cavity walls, and airway passages were collected from CT scans of indigenous modern human crania from Equatorial Africa (n = 35) and the Arctic Circle (n = 35).MANOVA and ANCOVA were employed to test for predicted regional and sex differences in morphology between the samples.Results: Significant morphological differences were identified between the two regional samples, with no evidence of significant sexual dimorphism or region-sex interaction effect. Individuals from the Arctic Circle possessed superoinferiorly and mediolaterally larger inferior turbinates compared to Equatorial Africans. In conjunction with the surrounding nasal cavity walls, these differences in turbinate morphology produced airway dimensions that were both consistent with functional expectations and more regionally distinct than either skeletal component independently. Conclusion:This study documents the existence of ecogeographic variation in human nasal turbinate morphology reflecting climate-mediated evolutionary demands on intranasal heat and moisture exchange. Humans adapted to cold-dry environments exhibit turbinate morphologies that enhance contact between respired air and nasal mucosa to facilitate respiratory air conditioning. Conversely, humans adapted to hothumid environments exhibit turbinate morphologies that minimize air-to-mucosa contact, likely to minimize airflow resistance and/or facilitate expiratory heat-shedding. K E Y W O R D S conchae, human variation, nose, respiratory tract, thermoregulation

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“…Since this is implausible, the most likely explanation for this is artefacts affecting the signal within any of the ROIs, including the reference ROIs and the ROIs in the CSF, nasal mucosa and brain parenchyma. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Diurnal volume fluctuations of the nasal mucosa derive from dilation and constriction of the venous cavernous tissue in the turbinates 42 . Therefore, ROI locations had to be manually adapted to local volume changes to avoid misregistration and partial volume effects from adjacent regions, particularly from the airways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo assessment of cerebrospinal fluid efflux to nasal mucosa in humans

Melin

Eide

Ringstad

2020

Sci Rep

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Extra-vascular molecular clearance routes from the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) remain insufficiently characterized in humans. Animal studies consistently suggest that the cribriform plate and nasal lymphatic vessels are crucial for molecular clearance from CSF. In this study, we aimed to examine human in vivo transport of a CSF tracer from CSF to nasal mucosa. We hypothesised a CSF tracer would enrich in nasal mucosa provided that nasal lymphatic drainage has a significant role in CSF molecular clearance. Consecutive magnetic resonance imaging during 48 h after intrathecal administration of a tracer (gadobutrol) was performed in 24 patients. Despite a strong enrichment of CSF tracer in CSF spaces nearby the cribriform plate, there was no significant enrichment of CSF tracer in nasal mucosa, as measured in superior, medial and inferior turbinates, or in the nasal septum. Therefore, this in vivo study questions the importance of CSF drainage to the human nasal mucosa and emphasizes the need of further human studies.

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The nasal cycle: a comprehensive review

Cited by 43 publications

References 101 publications

Bilateral and unilateral odor processing and odor perception

Bilateral and unilateral odor processing and odor perception

Climatic adaptation in human inferior nasal turbinate morphology: Evidence from Arctic and equatorial populations

In vivo assessment of cerebrospinal fluid efflux to nasal mucosa in humans

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