“…The nasal cavity plays a functional role in respiration by humidifying and warming air to facilitate air exchange in the lungs during inspiration in addition to assisting in the retention of moisture during expiration (Bailie et al, 2009; Churchill et al, 2004; Elad et al, 1993; Fukase et al, 2016; Keck et al, 2000; Marks et al, 2019; Naftali et al, 2005; Noback et al, 2011; Yokley, 2009; Zaidi et al, 2017). These functions are determined by the amount of contact between the air and mucosal tissue in the nose, which is dependent on the surface area to volume ratio, residence time (i.e., duration of time when the air is within the nasal cavity), and turbulence (Bailie et al, 2009; Churchill et al, 2004; Marks et al, 2019; Naftali et al, 2005; Noback et al, 2011; Yokley, 2009). The initial inflow tract, consisting of the vestibulum, isthmus and anterior cavum, manages the flow of air toward the consequent turbinates, circulates the air across the surface area of the nose, and decreases the velocity of airflow by adding turbulence (Bastir et al, 2020; Mlynski et al, 2001).…”