The NASA/LRC computerized test system

Richardson, Will; Washburn, David A.; Hopkins, William D.; Savage‐Rumbaugh, E. Sue; Rumbaugh, Duane M.

doi:10.3758/bf03203132

Cited by 106 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The test program was written in Visual Basic for Windows. When feedback was available for responses (see below), correctly completed trials were automatically rewarded by the computer with single 94 mg Bio-Serv food pellets through use of an automated pellet dispenser (for details, see Richardson et al, 1990). Children completed the experimental program on a Toshiba laptop computer.…”

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantity representation in children and rhesus monkeys: Linear versus logarithmic scales

Beran

Johnson-Pynn

Ready

2008

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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The performance of 4-and 5-year-old children and rhesus monkeys was compared using a computerized task for quantity assessment. Participants first learned two quantity anchor values and then responded to intermediate values by classifying them as either similar to the large anchor or the small anchor. Of primary interest was an assessment of where the point of subjective equality (PSE) occurred for each species across four different sets of anchors to determine whether the PSE occurred at the arithmetic mean or the geometric mean. Both species produced PSEs that were closer to the geometric mean for three of four anchor sets. This indicates that monkeys and children access either a logarithmic scale for quantity representation or a linear scale that is subject to scalar variability, both of which are consistent with Weber's law and representation of quantity that takes the form of analog magnitudes. KeywordsQuantity Judgments; Representational Scale; Children; Monkeys; Bisection TaskThe quantity discriminations made by many species are restricted in their accuracy on the basis of the ratio between those sets (e.g., Barth, Kanwisher, & Spelke, 2003;Beran, 2007;Beran, Taglialatela, Flemming, James, & Washburn, 2006;Brannon, Cantlon, & Terrace, 2006;Brannon & Terrace, 2000;Call, 2000;Huntley-Fenner, 2001). Comparisons with larger ratios (as determined by dividing the smaller quantity by the larger quantity) lead to lower performance levels, even when the distance between sets is constant (e.g., 8 versus 10 is more difficult than 2 versus 4). This suggests that an analog magnitude system produces discriminable representations of sets, and this system is consistent with Weber's law, which states that discrimination of sets becomes more difficult for a fixed difference as the magnitude of those sets increases.Correspondence to: Michael Beran, Language Research Center, Georgia State University, University Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30303, Telephone -404-244-2469, Fax -404-244-5829, E-mail -mjberan@yahoo.com. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Evidence for discrimination performance being modulated by Weber's Law comes from differing sources. One task, used primarily with nonhuman primates, involves judgments between two sets of items (e.g., Beran, 2004;Brannon & Terrace, 2000;Call, 2000; Judge, Evans, & Vias, 2005). This task also sometimes is used with human children (e.g., Brannon & Van de Walle, 2001; Feigenson, Carey, & Hauser, 2003). The second task is the bisection task that has been used extensively with rats and pigeons (e.g., Emmerton & Renner, 2006;Fetterm...

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Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantity representation in children and rhesus monkeys: Linear versus logarithmic scales

Beran

Johnson-Pynn

Ready

2008

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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“…At this juncture, we must direct our discussion to monkeys, for a new perspective on their competencies has been established through the development of the Language Research Center's Computerized Test System (LRC-CTS; Rumbaugh, Richardson, Washburn, SavageRumbaugh, & Hopkins, 1989;Richardson, Washburn, Hopkins, Savage-Rumbaugh, & Rumbaugh, 1990;Washburn, Hopkins, & Rumbaugh, 1989). This system has not only been a successful automation of the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus , but it also has afforded us and dozens of other laboratories around the world an economical system for research into questions limited only by the researcher's vision and imagination.…”

Section: Rhesus Monkeys In Comparative Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a new outlook on primate learning and behavior: complex learning and emergent processes in comparative perspective¹

1996

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Primate research of the 20th century has established the validity of Darwin's postulation of psychological as well as biological continuity between humans and other primates, notably the great apes. Its data make clear that Descartes' view of animals as unfeeling "beast-machines" is invalid and should be discarded. Traditional behavioristic frameworksthat emphasize the concepts of stimulus, response, and reinforcement and an "emptyorganism" psychology -are in need of major revisions. Revised frameworks should incorporate the fact that, in contrast to the lifeless databases of the "hard" sciences, the database of psychology entails properties novel to life and its attendant phenomena. The contributions of research this century, achieved by field and laboratory researchers from around the world, have been substantial -indeed revolutionary. It is time to celebrate the progress of our field, to anticipate its significance, and to emphasize conservation of primates in their natural habitats.

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“…Another successful means of overcoming S-R spatial discontiguity by rhesus monkeys has involved joystick-based computerized tests (Richardson, Washburn, Hopkins, Savage-Rumbaugh, & Rumbaugh, 1990;Rumbaugh , Richardson, Washburn, Savage-Rumbaugh, & Hopkins, 1989;. Rumbaugh et al (1989) reported that two rhesus monkeys mastered control of a joystick to respond to a variety of stimuli on a computer monitor despite the fact that the joystick was located up to 6 inches away from the video screen.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Maintain Learning Set Despite Second-Order Stimulus-Response Spatial Discontiguity

2007

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In many discrimination-learning tests, spatial separation between stimuli and response loci disrupts performance in rhesus macaques. However, monkeys are unaffected by such stimulusresponse spatial discontiguity when responses occur through joystick-based computerized movement of a cursor. To examine this discrepancy, five monkeys were tested on a learning-set task that required them to touch computer-graphic "levers" (which differed in location across experimental phases) with a cursor in order to select an associated test stimulus. The task produced both first-order Uoystick and lever) and second-order (lever and stimuli) spatial discontiguity between the stimuli to be discriminated and the discriminative response. Performance was significantly better than chance for all lever locations including locations in which selection of the correct lever required moving the cursor away from the positive stimulus. Thus, rhesus macaques do not attend simply to the region around the cursor in these computerized tests, but rather they attend to relevant stimulus loci eVl en when these are discontiguous with response and reward areas.

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The NASA/LRC computerized test system

Cited by 106 publications

References 7 publications

Quantity representation in children and rhesus monkeys: Linear versus logarithmic scales

Quantity representation in children and rhesus monkeys: Linear versus logarithmic scales

Toward a new outlook on primate learning and behavior: complex learning and emergent processes in comparative perspective¹

Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Maintain Learning Set Despite Second-Order Stimulus-Response Spatial Discontiguity

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The NASA/LRC computerized test system

Cited by 106 publications

References 7 publications

Quantity representation in children and rhesus monkeys: Linear versus logarithmic scales

Quantity representation in children and rhesus monkeys: Linear versus logarithmic scales

Toward a new outlook on primate learning and behavior: complex learning and emergent processes in comparative perspective1

Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Maintain Learning Set Despite Second-Order Stimulus-Response Spatial Discontiguity

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Toward a new outlook on primate learning and behavior: complex learning and emergent processes in comparative perspective¹