The Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) Resources Management Performance State of Art, Challenges, and Opportunities

Abstract

The Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) has been introduced in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Rel-13 with the aim to provide low-cost, low-power, wide-area cellular connectivity for the Internet of Things. With the exponentially increasing number of connected wireless devices in the order of 100 billion, it has become crucial that researchers develop efficient resource management techniques to meet the 5 th Generation (5G) quality of service (QoS) requirements. Recently, several research challenges including the low modulation data rates, energy-expensive channel coding techniques, and the fast-growing number of connected devices have been identified as some of the main issues encountered in the design and deployment of NB-IoT systems. In addition, several techniques have emerged in the literature to resolve some of these challenges of NB-IoT systems. However, the research activities towards the enhancement of the NB-IoT resource management are yet to continue in the next half-decade before, high data rates, energyefficient, and scalable NB-IoT specifications can be released for the standardisation and commercialisation. Considering the limited number of existing surveys of such technical enhancement approaches in a broader perspective (i.e. energy efficiency, data rate performance and scalability) and also the non-existence, to the best of our knowledge, of a comparative survey, this paper seeks to elaborate, describe and compare the performances of such resources management approaches. Of the multiple NB-IoT resources, the focus of this paper is on the data rate, energy efficiency, and scalability enhancement schemes that have been proposed for the last three years. The contribution of the paper lies in the analysis, synthesis, comparison and summarised alignments of some of the major existing schemes towards identifying challenges faced by the NB-IoT development. Finally, this work seeks to identify research challenges, open questions, and opportunities that could arise from the existing techniques analysed. INDEX TERMS Data rates, energy efficient, challenges, narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), opportunities, resources, scalability, reliability.

Cryptographically strong random number generation using integrated CMOS photodiodes for low-cost microcontroller based applications

“…We may assume t delay = 100µs as an average for a typical room condition with microseconds range delay is employed. The resulting throughput of the proposed random number generation for this case is then found to be f rng ≈ 5.4Kbps which is suitable for most low-cost, low-power embedded system applications with low data rate [42]. Due to the relatively slow throughput of the system, the generation of moderately large files sizes (>10MB) requires a long duration.…”

“…However, for the target of this work, low data rate applications, the required data size is much lower. For instance, for a smart air monitoring system, the air quality index measurements are taken and transmitted in 5 to 15 minutes intervals where the data is 1 Byte long [42][43][44]. Hence, for one year, the monitoring system only sends 34.2KB to 102.6KB of data.…”

Internet of Things at the Service of Bioconstruction

“…Analyzing the research from the last three years, where important developments essentially on data speed, energetic efficiency, and scalability improvement have been proposed [28], it can be identified that several of these technologies can be precisely applied to micro perception measurements on toxins and pollutant agents, sensorial wave measurements, and fungi, bacteria and allergens detection.…”

A Tutorial on NB-IoT Physical Layer Design

“…Resource management & Scheduling [25]- [27] V Synchronization [28]- [37] III.A Uplink demodulation [38]- [47] IV.A & IV.B Downlink demodulation [48]- [53] IV.B Energy Saving [54]- [57] V.H & VI.B Positioning [58]- [60] VI.A Challenges & perspectives [17], [20]- [22], [61]- [64] I Release 13 [65]- [77] I to V 3GPP references Release 14 [78]- [85] VI.A Release 15 [86]- [92] I & VI.B…”

“…Others focus on specific functionality like power consumption [54], random access [18], [19], resource management [25], scheduling issues, and solutions for uplink or downlink physical channels [26], [27]. Many others provide surveys on NB-IoT technology to offer a complete summary on system capabilities, constraints, and challenges [20]- [22], [64]. In particular, the authors of [62] provide a detailed overview of the open issues and pending challenges related to NB-IoT.…”