The Mw7.8 2016 Kaikōura earthquake

Stirling, Mark; Litchfield, Nicola J.; Villamor, Pilar; Dissen, R. J. Van; Nicol, Andy; Pettinga, Jarg R.; Barnes, Philip M.; Langridge, Robert; Little, Tim; Barrell, David; Mountjoy, Joshu; Ries, W.; Rowland, J. V.; Fenton, Clark; Hamling, I. J.; Asher, Cameron; Barrier, Andrea; Benson, Adrian; Bischoff, Alan; Borella, Josh W.; Carne, R.; Cochran, Ursula; Cockcroft, Matt; Cox, Simon C.; Duke, Grace C.; Fenton, Flavio H.; Gasston, Caleb; Grimshaw, Chris; Huang, Dan; Hall, Brendan; Hao, Ken Xiansheng; Hatem, Alex; Hemphill‐Haley, Mark; Heron, David; Howarth, Jamie; Juniper, Z.; Kane, Tim; Kearse, Jesse; Khajavi, Narges; Lamarche, Geoffroy; Lawson, Steve; Luković, Biljana; Madugo, Christopher; Manousakis, I.; McColl, Sam; Noble, D.; Pedley, Kate; Sauer, Katrina; Stahl, Timothy; Strong, Delia; Townsend, Dougal; Toy, Virginia; Villeneuve, Marlène; Wandres, Anekant M; Williams, Jack N.; Woelz, Susanne; Zinke, Robert

doi:10.5459/bnzsee.50.2.73-84

Cited by 61 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In several places along the coast, multiple strands strike adjacently to each other (Ryan et al, 2009;Sahakian et al, 2017), adding complexity to models of major NIRC strands rupturing together. Recent studies of multi-fault earthquake propagation, as observed in the recent 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake in New Zealand (Clark et al, 2017;Hamling et al, 2017;Kaiser et al, 2017;Stirling et al, 2017), revealed complex and cascading fault linkages that control rupture lengths and potential earthquake magnitudes.…”

Section: Introduction Geologic Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution 3D Seismic Imaging of Fault Interaction and Deformation Offshore San Onofre, California

2021

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The Inner California Borderland (ICB) records a middle Oligocene transition from subduction to microplate capture along the southern California and Baja coast. The closest nearshore fault system, the Newport-Inglewood/Rose Canyon (NIRC) fault complex is a dextral strike-slip system that extends primarily offshore approximately 120 km from San Diego to Newport Beach, California. Holocene slip rates along the NIRC are 1.5–2.0 mm/year in the south and 0.5 mm/year along its northern extent based on trenching and well data. High-resolution 3D seismic surveys of the NIRC fault system offshore of San Onofre were acquired to define fault interaction across a prominent strike-slip step-over. The step-over deformation results in transpression that structurally controls the width of the continental shelf in this region. Shallow coring on the shelf yields a range of sedimentation rates from 0.27–0.28 mm/year. Additionally, a series of smaller anticlines and synclines record subtle changes in fault trends along with small step-overs and secondary splay faults. Finally, sedimentary units onlapping and dammed by the anticline, place constraints on the onset of deformation of this section of the NIRC fault system. Thickness estimates and radiocarbon dating yield ages of 560,000 to 575,000 years before present for the onset of deformation.

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Section: Introduction Geologic Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution 3D Seismic Imaging of Fault Interaction and Deformation Offshore San Onofre, California

2021

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“…Asymmetric offset distributions along fault ruptures have been reported for many seismic events (e.g., Stein et al, 1997;Lin et al, 2002;Manighetti et al, 2005;Wesnousky, 2008;Stirling et al, 2017). Hence, we consider that the displacement identified in the walls of the Alviela trench may not be representative of the overall surface displacement produced by the earthquake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Evidence of Surface Rupture Associated With Historical Earthquakes in the Lower Tagus Valley, Portugal. Implications for Seismic Hazard in the Greater Lisbon Area

Canora

Vilanova²,

Pro-Díaz

et al. 2021

Front. Earth Sci.

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The Lower Tagus Valley Fault, Portugal, has long been associated with the damaging earthquakes that affected the Greater Lisbon Area in historical times. These include a poorly documented earthquake that occurred in 1344, the relatively well-documented 1531 earthquake, and the most recent M6.0 1909 earthquake. In this work, we use a 0.5 m resolution LiDAR-based digital elevation model and a 0.5 cm resolution digital surface model based on UAV photogrammetry to accurately locate the fault scarps in the northernmost portion of the western fault strand and to select sites to perform paleoseimolological investigations. The paleoseismological and geochronological analysis performed in the Alviela trench site document the fault activity in the last 3000 years, including two earthquakes during historical times. We performed ground motion scenarios for 20 km, 40 km, and 60 km ruptures including the trench site. The ground motion fields obtained for the 40 km and 60 km ruptures are in agreement with most macroseismic intensity data available for the 1531 earthquake, implying a magnitude in the range M6.8–7.4. However, the degree of deformation preserved in the trench suggests a value closer to the lower magnitude bound. The intensity level observed in Lisbon in 1531 (IX) is lower than the modeled intensities for all considered scenarios and could be related to a particularly high level of vulnerability of the building stock.

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“…At least 21 faults ruptured on and offshore of the north-east of the South Island of New Zealand (Figure 4). The ruptures began on The Humps Fault near Waiau and continued north-eastwards for ~180 km [15]. Ground shaking was strongest in the epicentral region near Culverden, and to the northeast between Kekerengu and Seddon (Figure 5).…”

Section: Ground Shakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of transport resilience and measures to enhance resilience in the recovery after the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake

Mason¹,

Brabhaharan²

2021

BNZSEE

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The Ward to Cheviot section of State Highway 1 is a key lifeline transport route that runs through the Kaikōura township. It is a strategically important link in the national state highway network, connecting the North Island via the Wellington-Picton ferry to the city of Christchurch in the South Island. Its strategic importance and vulnerable location between the mountainous Kaikōura range and the Pacific Ocean make it a critical transportation route in the national transport network. The route has been a focus for understanding the resilience of transport networks from as far back as 2000, when this section was used as a pilot study in early research into transport resilience. A further resilience assessment of this section was completed as part of a national state highway resilience study in mid-2016. Subsequently, the Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake struck the northeast of the South Island on 14 November 2016, triggering thousands of large landslides and causing severe disruption to the transport network. The damage and disruption caused by the earthquake was comparable to that assessed in pre-earthquake studies of the resilience of the state highway. Landslides and embankment failures caused the most damage and disruption to the transport infrastructure, with the Main North Line railway closed for over 9 months and State Highway 1 closed for over a year. Post-earthquake landslides and debris flows triggered by storms caused additional damage and disruption during the recovery phase. Post-earthquake assessment of the corridor resilience was carried out to identify measures to enhance resilience as part of the recovery works. These measures included realigning the road and rail away from the steep hillsides, engineered works to reduce the potential for slope failure, and engineered works to reduce the potential for inundation of the corridor. The resilience assessments also enabled tactical and operational measures to be put in place to ensure safety while allowing the recovery operations to proceed in the context of enhanced risk associated with storm events and potential aftershocks.

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The Mw7.8 2016 Kaikōura earthquake

Cited by 61 publications

References 15 publications

High-Resolution 3D Seismic Imaging of Fault Interaction and Deformation Offshore San Onofre, California

High-Resolution 3D Seismic Imaging of Fault Interaction and Deformation Offshore San Onofre, California

Evidence of Surface Rupture Associated With Historical Earthquakes in the Lower Tagus Valley, Portugal. Implications for Seismic Hazard in the Greater Lisbon Area

Characterisation of transport resilience and measures to enhance resilience in the recovery after the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake

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