The Multifaceted Impact of Education on Entry into Motherhood

Lappegård, Trude; Rønsen, Marit

doi:10.1007/s10680-004-6756-9

Cited by 182 publications

(203 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This implies that higher educated women have more to lose by staying at home to provide childcare -a situation aggravated by the persistence of traditional gender role division, particularly in East Asia (see Box 2). These higher opportunity costs of childbearing may contribute both to the delay and decline of fertility (Kravdal 2004;Lappegård and Rønsen 2005;Gustafsson 2005). But education effects are likely not confined to financial issues.…”

Section: Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Fertility in Low Fertility Countries

Basten

Sobotka

Zeman

et al. 2014

World Population and Human Capital in the Twenty-First Century

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Future Fertility in Low Fertility Countries AbstractThis paper discusses results of the global survey of experts on the future of low fertility in low-fertility countries. The survey was coordinated by the Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital as a part of an effort to produce global argumentbased population projections by age, sex and level of education. First we give an overview of fertility changes in major low-fertility regions. Next we outline main theoretical arguments and review a wide range of factors contributing to fertility change and variation in contemporary low-fertility settings. Subsequently, we present survey results based on 184 assessments of over 170 experts analysing 41 countries with currently low or aroundreplacement fertility and Israel. These experts provided forecasts of period total fertility rate (TFR) in 2030 and 2050, estimated 80% confidence interval of their forecast and assessed the validity and potential impact on fertility of 46 factors. We also compare expert-derived projections of the TFR trends with the forecasts formulated by the UN World Population Prospects in 2010. The survey results in combination with the feedback provided by the invited experts then serve as a basis for formulating a set of projection scenarios for all low fertility countries up until 2050, which are additionally expanded (in a simpler form) through 2200. We present these scenarios and discuss past changes in fertility differences by level of education and their potential future trends in main regions. Presented analyses and projections indicate that a global convergence of fertility to around replacement level, envisioned in the UN projections, appears unlikely. Continuing differentiation combined with partial convergence in fertility towards lower levels is suggested as a more plausible scenario, with East Asia (including China) as well as Russia expected to have sustained very low fertility below 1.5 through 2050.

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Section: Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Fertility in Low Fertility Countries

Basten

Sobotka

Zeman

et al. 2014

World Population and Human Capital in the Twenty-First Century

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“…To capture full-time education rather than participation in shorter courses, educational enrolment is defined as enrolment for at least 4 months of the previous year. Educational attainment also affects earnings as well as fertility decisions (see e.g., Kravdal and Rindfuss 2008;Lappegård and Rønsen 2005), and is therefore included in the model. Unemployment may affect fertility through reducing income, but also through creating uncertainty about future economic prospects (see e.g., Kreyenfeld 2010).…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earnings and first birth probability among Norwegian men and women 1995-2010

Hart¹

2015

DemRes

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BACKGROUNDThe relationship between earnings and fertility and how it varies with context are among the core investigations of demography. Cross-country comparisons show that when parenting and employment are in conflict, this relationship is less positive for women. We lack knowledge of how this relationship is shaped by context for men and how it varies with contextual changes over time rather than between countries. OBJECTIVE I investigate how the relationship between earnings and first-birth probability changes over time for men and women, in a period when efforts in parenting and paid work become increasingly similar across sex. METHODSDiscrete-time hazard regressions are applied to highly accurate data from Norwegian population registers. Through estimation of separate models for each of the years 1995 through 2010, I assess whether the correlation between yearly earnings and the first birth probabilities changed over period time. The correlation is estimated net of observable confounders, such as educational enrolment and attainment and region of birth. RESULTSThe correlation between earnings and fertility has become substantially more positive over time for women, and also somewhat more positive among men. CONCLUSIONSThough the potential opportunity cost of fathering increases, there is no evidence of a weaker correlation between earnings and first birth probability for men. I suggest that decreasing opportunity costs of motherhood as well as strategic timing of fertility are both plausible explanations for the increasingly positive correlation among women.

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“…Blossfeld and Huinink (1991) have argued that it is these transition norms in combination with the increased period spent in education which result in a delay in motherhood. A number of studies have shown that after graduating, highly educated women have their first child more quickly than less educated women because they feel their reproductive period has been greatly curtailed by the years they spent in education (Blossfeld 1995;Gustafsson, Kenjoh, and Wetzels 2002;Gustafsson 2005;Hank 2002;Kravdal 1994;Lappegård and Rønsen 2005;Liefbroer and Corijn 1999;Skirbekk, Kohler, and Prskawetz 2004). …”

Section: The Complex Interplay Between Education Family and Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Education seems to play a crucial role, as a wide range of studies have shown that an individual's educational level can affect (the timing of) his or her family formation decisions and labour outcomes Krause 2002, 2003;Budig and Hodges 2010;Dex et al 1998;Gustafsson 2003;Liefbroer and Corijn 1999;Rindfuss, Morgan, and Offutt 1996). The amount of time young people spend in education or a field of education has been studied to a lesser extent, but the existing work has indicated that this factor is also non-negligible (Blossfeld and Huinink 1991;Hank 2002;Hoem 1986;Kalmijn 1996;Kreyenfeld 2000;Lappegård 2002;Lappegård and Rønsen 2005;Van Bavel 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%