The Movement of Cilia and Flagella

Sleigh, M. A.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4831-9772-2.50013-0

Cited by 57 publications

(85 citation statements)

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“…12 Cultures were reared in a double wheat medium and subcultures were placed every 11 days when they reach their peak population. Paramecium at the beginning of the their exponential growth curve were used for the experiments.…”

Section: A Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 Millions of ciliary hairs in mammals help in mucus transport 13 and also function as sensory organelles that help in maintaining balance; signifying the importance of cilia in various systems. The control of ciliary beat in Paramecium is an interesting phenomena and has been studied extensively from point of view of Ca 2 + ion efflux/influx through the ion channels, 14 while the role of hydrodynamic synchronization in beating arrays of cilia is being currently explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paramecium swimming in capillary tube

Jana

Jung

2012

Physics of Fluids

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Swimming organisms in their natural habitat need to navigate through a wide range of geometries and chemical environments. Interaction with boundaries in such situations is ubiquitous and can significantly modify the swimming characteristics of the organism when compared to ideal laboratory conditions. We study the different patterns of ciliary locomotion in glass capillaries of varying diameter and characterize the effect of the solid boundaries on the velocities of the organism. Experimental observations show that Paramecium executes helical trajectories that slowly transition to straight lines as the diameter of the capillary tubes decreases. We predict the swimming velocity in capillaries by modeling the system as a confined cylinder propagating longitudinal metachronal waves that create a finite pressure gradient.Comparing with experiments, we find that such pressure gradient considerations are necessary for modeling finite sized ciliary organisms in restrictive geometries. C 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx

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Section: A Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paramecium swimming in capillary tube

Jana

Jung

2012

Physics of Fluids

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“…3). This wave direction is thus somewhere between symplectic (in the direction of the power stroke) and laeoplectic (perpendicular to the power-stroke direction) metachronism (10). An exception is the simulation with the power stroke parallel to the lattice.…”

Section: Applied Physical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all these cases, the beat of different cilia is not random, but strongly synchronized. For many cilia arrays, a wave-like pattern has been found and described, which is called a metachronal wave (MCW) (10). Biomimetic systems of externally actuated semiflexible strings, like chains of magnetic beads, have been proposed to use the cilia propulsion mechanism in artificial nanomachines and microfluidic devices (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17).…”

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confidence: 99%

Emergence of metachronal waves in cilia arrays

Elgeti

Gompper

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

352

374

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Propulsion by cilia is a fascinating and universal mechanism in biological organisms to generate fluid motion on the cellular level. Cilia are hair-like organelles, which are found in many different tissues and many uni-and multicellular organisms. Assembled in large fields, cilia beat neither randomly nor completely synchronously-instead they display a striking self-organization in the form of metachronal waves (MCWs). It was speculated early on that hydrodynamic interactions provide the physical mechanism for the synchronization of cilia motion. Theory and simulations of physical model systems, ranging from arrays of highly simplified actuated particles to a few cilia or cilia chains, support this hypothesis. The main questions are how the individual cilia interact with the flow field generated by their neighbors and synchronize their beats for the metachronal wave to emerge and how the properties of the metachronal wave are determined by the geometrical arrangement of the cilia, like cilia spacing and beat direction. Here, we address these issues by large-scale computer simulations of a mesoscopic model of 2D cilia arrays in a 3D fluid medium. We show that hydrodynamic interactions are indeed sufficient to explain the self-organization of MCWs and study beat patterns, stability, energy expenditure, and transport properties. We find that the MCW can increase propulsion velocity more than 3-fold and efficiency almost 10-fold-compared with cilia all beating in phase. This can be a vital advantage for ciliated organisms and may be interesting to guide biological experiments as well as the design of efficient microfluidic devices and artificial microswimmers.active matter | mesoscale hydrodynamics | dynamical self-organization F luid transport and locomotion due to motile cilia are ubiquitous phenomena in biological organisms on the cellular level (1, 2). Motile cilia are found in many different tissues-from the brain (3) to the lung and the oviduct-and in many uni-and multicellular organisms-from Clamydomonas (4) and Volvox (5, 6) algae to Paramecium. Motile cilia on the surface of a cell perform an active whip-like motion, which propels the fluid along the surface of cells and tissues. In motile cilia, the beat consists of a fast power stroke in which the cilium has an elongated shape and a slower recovery stroke in which the cilium is curved and closer to the cell surface (Fig. 1A). Due to their typical size in the range of 5-20 μm length and 0.25-1.0 μm thickness, the dynamics of cilia in a fluid are dominated by the balance of force generated by motor proteins (7,8) and fluid viscosity and are thus characterized by small-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics (9). Cilia sometimes act together in pairs, such as in the breast-stroke-like motion of Clamydomonas (4), but much more often in large arrays, such as on the surface of Paramecium and Opalina or the tissue lining the airways of the lung. In all these cases, the beat of different cilia is not random, but strongly synchronized. For many cilia arrays, a wave-like pa...

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“…4 This motion was observed in the cilia's motion, in which two distinct trajectories were followed for the power and recovery strokes in one beating cycle of cilia. A previous investigation also indicated that a metachronal wave is created in the epithelium, 5 wherein the collective movement of cilia moves in a concerted fashion. This wavy motion is characterized by sequential out-of-phase beating behavior between any two adjacent cilia and can be identified as either antiplectic or symplectic metachronism depending on the directions of the wave propagation and the generated fluid velocity through cilia actuation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscale flow propulsion through bioinspired and magnetically actuated artificial cilia

et al. 2015

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Recent advances in microscale flow propulsion through bioinspired artificial cilia provide a promising alternative for lab-on-a-chip applications. However, the ability of actuating artificial cilia to achieve a time-dependent local flow control with high accuracy together with the elegance of full integration into the biocompatible microfluidic platforms remains remote. Driven by this motive, the current work has constructed a series of artificial cilia inside a microchannel to facilitate the timedependent flow propulsion through artificial cilia actuation with high-speed (>40 Hz) circular beating behavior. The generated flow was quantified using micro-particle image velocimetry and particle tracking with instantaneous net flow velocity of up to 10 1 lm/s. Induced flow patterns caused by the tilted conical motion of artificial cilia constitutes efficient fluid propulsion at microscale. This flow phenomenon was further measured and illustrated by examining the induced flow behavior across the depth of the microchannel to provide a global view of the underlying flow propulsion mechanism. The presented analytic paradigms and substantial flow evidence present novel insights into the area of flow manipulation at microscale. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx

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The Movement of Cilia and Flagella

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

Paramecium swimming in capillary tube

Paramecium swimming in capillary tube

Emergence of metachronal waves in cilia arrays

Microscale flow propulsion through bioinspired and magnetically actuated artificial cilia

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