“…Because disclosure can minimize information asymmetries, transparency has become a critical method for stakeholders, especially regulators and donors, to evaluate and monitor the performance of charitable organizations. The information senders can gain a slew of positive outcomes, such as organizational efficiency (Rocha Valencia, Queiruga, & González-Benito, 2015), trust (Schnackenberg & Tomlinson, 2016), and donations (Deng et al, 2015;Rossi, Leardini, & Landi, 2020;Saxton, Neely, & Guo, 2014). In practice, foundations mainly disclose their financial and nonfinancial information via annual reports, audited financial statements, and other recognized forms.…”