The modes of action of toxic agents: II. Factors influencing the toxicities of mercury compounds to certain Crustacea

Corner, E. D. S.; Sparrow, Benjamin

doi:10.1017/s0025315400025765

Cited by 29 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…6) implies that only the most sensitive bioassays would be expected to respond to the highest dissolved mercury levels reported and, therefore, that only these techniques would be useful in assessing field data. However, caution should be used in extrapolating the results of laboratory experiments with mercuric chloride to the field, because the forms of mercury in natural waters (Fagerstrom & Jernelov, 1972) and their toxicity (Corner & Sparrow, 1957) v a r v significantly. Hydroids were first employed for the bioassay of marine contaminants by Karbe (1972), who found that the appearance of abnormalities in cultured colonies of Eirene viridula provided the most sensitive index of their response to metals.…”

Section: Relative Sensitivity With Other Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently Biesinger & Christensen (1972) using Daphnia magna have also demonstrated a linear correlation between the toxicity of metals and their electronegativity. Corner & Sparrow (1957) and Corner & Rigler (1958) studied the effects of a range of organo-mercury compounds upon Elminius modestus larvae and Anemia salina. They found that the effects were not related to their absolute toxicity, as demonstrated by their ability to inhibit urease activity, but to their ability to penetrate the organism, lending support to Danielli & Davies' ideas.…”

Section: )-Table 2 Thresholds Of Sensitivity Of Bioassays To Mercurimentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of low metal levels on a clonal hydroid

Stebbing

1976

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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Section: Relative Sensitivity With Other Bioassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: )-Table 2 Thresholds Of Sensitivity Of Bioassays To Mercurimentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of low metal levels on a clonal hydroid

Stebbing

1976

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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“…Brine shrimp (Artemia) larvae were used because Corner and Sparrow (1957) have found them suitable for toxicity studies; it seemed possible that they might react similarly to fouling larvae and they have the advantage of being always procurable from commercially available eggs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mortality of marine invertebrate larvae in mercury, copper, and zinc solutions

Wisely¹,

Blick²

1967

Mar. Freshwater Res.

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The times taken to kill 50% of their larvae were determined for some species of bryozoans (Watersipora cucullata (Busk), Bugula neritina L.), tubeworms (Spiuorbis lamellosa Lamarck, Galeolaria caespitosa Lamarck), bivalve molluscs (Mytilus edulis planulatus Lamarck, Crassostrea commercialis Iredale & Roughley), and the brine shrimp (Artemia salina L.). The molar concentrations of mercury (added as mercuric chloride), required to kill 50 % of the larvae of the above species in 2 hr were 5 .O x IO+M, 1 . 0~ 10-GM, 7 . 0~ IO+M, 6 . 0~ 1 0 +~, 6.5 x IO-+M, 9 . 0~ IO-~M, and 9 . 0~ 1 0 -3~, respectively. The pH of these solutions ranged from 7.8 to 8.2. For Watersipora, Bugula, and Spirorbis, mercury was more toxic than copper and copper was more toxic than zinc when the copper and zinc were added as citrates. The following concentrations of copper produced 50% mortality of the larvae in 2 hr over a pH range of 7.0-8.2: Watersipora 9 . 0~1 0 -6~, Bugula 6 . 0~1 0 -5~, Spirorbis 8 . 0~1 0 -~~, Galeolaria 4 . 5 x 1 0 -3~, and Mytilus 3.5 x 10-4~. Comparable data for zinc over a pH range of 7.6-8 .O were: Watersipora 5.0 x 1 0 -4~, Bugula 8.0 x 1 0 -5~, and Spirorbis 7.5 x 1 0 -5~.During experiments with bivalve mollusc larvae in concentrated copper solutions (5.0 x 10-ZM) it was noted that the pH was sufficiently acid (3.5) to dissolve the shells away. The effect of low pH as a mortality factor in such solutions was investigated using Artemia larvae. It was found that the death rate of larvae in copper concentrations of 1 .Ox 10-1 to 4 . 0~ 10-BM, with a pH of 3.2-4.5 was similar to that of larvae in comparable solutions not containing copper, but with a similar pH range. Therefore, the effect of the lowered pH in concentrated copper solutions needs to be taken into account in assessing mortality rates. Of the larvae tested Artemia appeared to have the greatest potential as a test organism for screening potential antifouling compounds.This study was aimed at assessing the suitability of a number of marine invertebrate larvae as test organisms for screening potential antifouling compounds. Bryo-Loans, tubeworms, and bivalve molluscs are important fouling organisms in New South Wales (Allen and Wood 1950; Wisely 1959) and therefore the larvae of two species of each group were included. Barnacles were not included because the settling seasons and identity of the cyprids of species in the area have not yet been studied and consequently tow-netting to obtain identifiable material was not practical. Overseas workers have already studied the reactions of representatives of this group

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“…In earlier studies, Corner & Sparrow (1956,1957 showed that great differences are found between the susceptibilities of Artemia and Elminius to mercury poisons; that differences between the toxicities of certain organomercury poisons and that of mercuric chloride are far greater when a highly resistant test animal like Artemia is used; that, in general, poisons which are very toxic are also highly lipoid-soluble; and that no correlation exists between the toxicities of these compounds and their abilities to inactivate enzymes. Corner & Sparrow considered these observations to be consistent with the view that Hg poisons act by penetrating the test animal and assumed that the extreme resistance of Artemia was a direct result of this animal's impermeability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals. For experiments in which Artemia and Elminius larvae were used the animals were obtained by methods described earlier (Corner & Sparrow, 1956). Studies were also made with the prawn Leander serratus, and the specimens used in these experiments were from a stock maintained at the Plymouth Laboratory.…”

Section: General Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Modes of Action of Toxic Agents III. Mercuric Chloride and N-Amylmercuric Chloride on Crustaceans

Corner

Rigler

1958

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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(Text-figs. 1-3)In a recent study (Corner & Sparrow, 1957) it was found that differences between the toxicities of various mercury compounds to certain Crustacea were related to the resistances of the test animals to mercury poisoning, the differences being greater when a more resistant species was used. In addition, the toxicities of these poisons to a highly resistant animal were found to be closely related to the corresponding lipoid solubilities. These results were consistent with the view that Hg poisons act by penetrating the test animals, the enhanced toxicity of a highly lipoid-soluble poison such as n-amylmercuric chloride being the result of this compound's ability to penetrate rapidly. In the present work, tracer isotopes have been used in experiments with larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina (L.), larvae of the barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin and adults of the prawn Leander serratus (Pennant), in order to investigate further the modes of action of mercuric chloride (HgC12) and n-amylmercuric chloride (n-C5HnHgCl) as poisons to crustaceans. The results have provided evidence more direct than that obtained previously in favour of the view that penetration of the test animal is an important factor in mercury poisoning. GENERAL METHODS203Hg-labelled mercuric chloride. Radioactive mercuric oxide was obtained from A.E.R.E., Harwell, and a stock solution containing 10 mg Hg/mi. was prepared by dissolving I g of this material in 93 mi. 50 % HCI. Appropriate quantities of this solution were then added to sea water and the pH values of the solutions were adju.sted to 8'1 with 2N-NaOH. To estimate the amounts of radioactivity in these sea-water solutions, samples (0'05-0'10 mi.) were first mixed with an excess of sodium sulphide to prevent volatilization of the Hg, and then evaporated to dryness on planchettes.

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The modes of action of toxic agents: II. Factors influencing the toxicities of mercury compounds to certain Crustacea

Cited by 29 publications

References 15 publications

The effects of low metal levels on a clonal hydroid

The effects of low metal levels on a clonal hydroid

Mortality of marine invertebrate larvae in mercury, copper, and zinc solutions

The Modes of Action of Toxic Agents III. Mercuric Chloride and N-Amylmercuric Chloride on Crustaceans

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