The Modelling and Simulation Process

Abstract

The use of models as a means of obtaining insight or understanding is by no means novel. One could reasonably claim, for example, that the pivotal studies in geometry carried out by Euclid were motivated by the desire to construct models that would assist in better understanding important aspects of his physical environment. It could also be observed that it is rare indeed for the construction of even the most modest of structures to be undertaken without some documented perspective (i.e. an architectural plan or drawing) of the intended form. Such a document represents a legitimate model for the structure and serves the important purpose of providing guidance for its construction. Many definitions of a model can be found in the literature. One that we feel is especially noteworthy was suggested by Shannon [19]: 'A model is a representation of an object, system or idea in some form other than itself'.Although outside the scope of our considerations, it is important to recognize a particular and distinctive class of models called physical models. These provide the basis for experimentation activity within an environment that mimics the physical environment in which the problem originates. An example here is the use of scale models of aircraft or ships within a wind tunnel to evaluate aerodynamic properties; another is the use of 'crash-test dummies' in the evaluation of automobile safety characteristics. A noteworthy feature of physical models is that they can, at least in principle, provide the means for direct acquisition of relevant experimental data. However, the necessary instrumentation may be exceedingly difficult to implement.A fundamental dichotomy among models can be formulated on the basis of the role of time; more specifically, we note that some models are dynamic while others are static. A linear programming model for establishing the best operating point for some enterprise under a prescribed set of conditions is a static model because there is no notion of time dependence embedded in such a model formulation. Likewise, the use of tax software to establish the amount of income tax payable by an individual to the government can be regarded as the process of developing a (static)

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