“…However, this reduction process can cause a loss of information that leads to prefer the development of ad-hoc clustering techniques that incorporate spatial as well as temporal information. Similar to the classification proposed by Fouedjio (2016) for the clustering of spatial data, existing spatial-time clustering models can be distinguished into the following four different approaches: non-spatial time series clustering based on a spatial dissimilarity measure (Izakian et al, 2013); spatially constrained time series clustering (Hu & Sung, 2006;Coppi et al, 2010;Gao & Yu, 2016); density-based clustering (Ester et al, 1996;Wang et al, 2006;Birant & Kut, 2007;Ienco & Bordogna, 2016;Xie et al, 2016); model-based clustering (Basford & McLachlan, 1985;Viroli, 2011;Torabi, 2014Torabi, , 2016.…”