The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) from Fujian and the phylogeny of Caenidae within Ephemeroptera

Abstract

The phylogenetic relationship of Caenidae remains hotly debated within the Ephemeroptera. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) to discuss the phylogenetic relationships among the Caenidae. The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. collected from Jian'ou, Fujian province, China is a circular molecule of 15,392 bp in length containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs), which showed the typical insect mitochondrial gene arrangement. In BI and ML phylogenetic trees using 23 species from 13 families, the monophyly of the families Caenidae, Heptageniidae, Isonychiidae, and Vietnamellidae was strongly supported. The clade of Caenidae is a sister clade to the clade of Teloganodidae and Baetidae.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Choroterpides apiculata (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) and its phylogenetic relationships

“…In BI and ML phylogenetic trees, the monophyly of the families Isonychiidae, Heptageniidae, Vietnamellidae, Leptophlebiidae, Caenidae, and Baetidae were supported, whereas the monophyly of Siphlonuroidea failed (Figure 1). Leptophlebiidae was supported as a sister group to the clade Caenidae þ (Teloganodidae þ Baetidae), which also agreed with the results of Cai et al (2018), Gao et al (2018), Ye et al (2018), and Xu et al (2020). Choroterpides apiculata was supported as the sister group to H. zijinensis.…”

“…Phylogenetic trees were constructed from the 13 PCGs using two methods: Bayesian inference (BI) using MrBayes 3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001) and maximumlikelihood (ML) using RAxML 8.2.0 (Stamatakis 2014). Siphluriscus chinensis was used as the outgroup according to the method of Li et al (2014) and Xu et al (2020). The mitogenomes of 23 Ephemeroptera species were downloaded from GenBank (Zhang et al 2008;Li et al 2014;Tang et al 2014;Zhou et al 2016;Cai et al 2018;Gao et al 2018;Ye et al 2018;Xu et al 2020) and used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships.…”

“…Siphluriscus chinensis was used as the outgroup according to the method of Li et al (2014) and Xu et al (2020). The mitogenomes of 23 Ephemeroptera species were downloaded from GenBank (Zhang et al 2008;Li et al 2014;Tang et al 2014;Zhou et al 2016;Cai et al 2018;Gao et al 2018;Ye et al 2018;Xu et al 2020) and used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships. In order to select the conserved regions of nucleotides, each alignment was performed by Gblock 0.91 b (Castresana 2000) using the default settings.…”

Six complete mitochondrial genomes of mayflies from three genera of Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) with inversion and translocation oftrnIrearrangement and their phylogenetic relationships

“…By contrast, Ephemerellidae was supported as a monophyletic group via phylogenetic trees based on sequences of 12S, 16S, 18S, 28S and H3 genes, but the relationships with Teloganellidae and Vietnamellidae remained problematic (Ogden et al, 2009). In addition, Ephemerellidae was supported as the sister clade to Vietnamellidae via phylogenetic analyses based on mitogenomes of Ephemeroptera, whereas Teloganellidae was not a sister clade of Ephemerellidae and Vietnamellidae (Cai et al, 2018;Gao et al, 2018b;Ye et al, 2018;Cao et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2020). Hence, the systematics of Ephemerellidae needed to be clarified by further studies.…”

“…Because of their features including fast evolution rates, small genome sizes, low sequence recombination and maternal inheritance, mitogenomes have been used extensively as molecular markers for phylogenetic analyses and comparative or evolutionary genomic research (Boore, 2006;Cameron, 2014a;Ma et al, 2015;Cheng et al, 2016). Currently, 29 complete (or nearly complete) mitogenomes of Ephemeroptera from thirteen families have been released on NCBI (Zhang et al, 2008;Li, Qin & Zhou, 2014;Tang et al, 2014;Zhou et al, 2016;Cai et al, 2018;Gao et al, 2018b;Ye et al, 2018;Song et al, 2019;Cao et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2020), but there was only one partial mitogenome of Ephemerellidae. These small numbers of mitogenomes have restricted our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the Ephemerellidae.…”