The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) and the phylogeny of Ephemeroptera in Pterygota

Abstract

The phylogenetic relationship between Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) remains hotly debated in the insect evolution community. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) to discuss the phylogenetic relationship of Palaeoptera. The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. is a circular molecule of 15,254 bp in length containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs), which showed the typical insect mitochondrial gene arrangement. In BI and ML phylogenetic trees using 71 species of 12 orders, our results support the Ephemeroptera as the basal group of winged insects.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Choroterpides apiculata (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) and its phylogenetic relationships

“…In BI and ML phylogenetic trees, the monophyly of the families Isonychiidae, Heptageniidae, Vietnamellidae, Leptophlebiidae, Caenidae, and Baetidae were supported, whereas the monophyly of Siphlonuroidea failed (Figure 1). Leptophlebiidae was supported as a sister group to the clade Caenidae þ (Teloganodidae þ Baetidae), which also agreed with the results of Cai et al (2018), Gao et al (2018), Ye et al (2018), and Xu et al (2020). Choroterpides apiculata was supported as the sister group to H. zijinensis.…”

“…of the Leptophlebiidae family (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) are distributed all over the world, including in China. The phylogenetic relationships of Ephemeroptera are still disputed based on morphological and/or molecular studies (Hebert et al 2003;Ogden and Whiting 2005;Zhang et al 2008;Ogden et al 2009;Simon and Hadrys 2013;Li et al 2014;Misof et al 2014;Cai et al 2018). There was only one mitogenome of species (Habrophlebiodes zijinensis) in Leptophlebiidae and so its monophyly could not be tested.…”

“…Siphluriscus chinensis was used as the outgroup according to the method of Li et al (2014) and Xu et al (2020). The mitogenomes of 23 Ephemeroptera species were downloaded from GenBank (Zhang et al 2008;Li et al 2014;Tang et al 2014;Zhou et al 2016;Cai et al 2018;Gao et al 2018;Ye et al 2018;Xu et al 2020) and used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships. In order to select the conserved regions of nucleotides, each alignment was performed by Gblock 0.91 b (Castresana 2000) using the default settings.…”

The mitochondrial genome of Caenis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) from Fujian and the phylogeny of Caenidae within Ephemeroptera

“…The phylogenetic relationships among the Ephemeroptera has always been a research hotspot (Hebert et al 2003;Ogden and Whiting 2005;Sun et al 2006;O'Donnell and Jockusch 2008;Ogden et al 2009;Webb et al 2012;Saito et al 2016;Cai et al 2018;Gao et al 2018;Ye et al 2018). However, there are relatively few studies of the phylogenetic relationships within the Caenidae.…”

The complete mitochondrial genome of Epeorus herklotsi (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from Longquan, Zhejiang, China and its phylogeny

“…In Ephemeroptera, gene rearrangements were found in six sequences of twenty-three known mayfly mitochondrial genomes with IMQM tRNA cluster found in Heptageniidae (Zhang et al 2008;Li et al 2014;Tang et al 2014;Gao et al 2018). The phylogenetic relationships of Ephemeroptera still exist disputes in morphological and molecular methods (Kristensen 1981;Ogden and Whiting 2003;Zhang et al 2008;Simon and Hadrys 2013;Li et al 2014;Misof et al 2014;Cai et al 2018;Ye et al 2018). Hence, we used the mitochondrial genome of E. herklotsi to analyse the characteristics of mitochondrial gene arrangement and to discuss the phylogenetic relationships within Ephemeroptera.…”