The misleading total replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors and a study of the Brazilian ethanol importance for the sustainable future of mobility: a review

Malaquias, Augusto César Teixeira; Netto, Nilton Antonio Diniz; Filho, Fernando Antônio Rodrigues; Costa, Roberto Berlini Rodrigues da; Langeani, Marcos; Baêta, José Guilherme Coelho

doi:10.1007/s40430-019-2076-1

Cited by 46 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…A high fraction of experts (71%) expressed that a partial replacement of fossil fuels with GE algae biofuel could be a positive option to mitigate climate change. A sustainable future of mobility should not be viewed as the end of the internal combustion engine, currently the main source of vehicular propulsion [18]. The development and use of more sustainable and environmentally friendlier options, like GE algae biofuel, should therefore be considered for the transformation phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acceptability of genetically engineered algae biofuels in Europe: opinions of experts and stakeholders

Villarreal

Burgués

Rösch

2020

Biotechnol Biofuels

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Background The development of alternative pathways for sustainable fuel production is a crucial task for politics, industry and research, since the current use of fossil fuels contributes to resource depletion and climate change. Microalgae are a promising option, but the technology readiness level (TRL) is low and cannot compete economically with fossil fuels. Novel genetic engineering technologies are being investigated to improve productivity and reduce the cost of harvesting products extracted from or excreted by microalgae for fuel production. However, high resource efficiency and low costs alone are no guarantee that algae fuels will find their way into the market. Technologies must be accepted by the public to become valuable for society. Despite strong efforts in algae research and development, as well as political commitments at different scales to promote algae biofuels for transport sectors, little is known about public acceptance of this alternative transport fuel. Despite the advantages of algae technology, genetically engineered (GE) microalgae can be controversial in Europe due to risk perception. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the knowledge and views of European experts and stakeholders on the conditions and requirements for acceptability of GE microalgae for next generation biofuel production. Results The results of the survey-based study indicate that the majority of the respondents believe that GE algae biofuels could provide strong benefits compared to other fuels. The majority would choose to be final consumers of engineered algae biofuels, if there is clear evidence of their benefits and open communication of potential risks. They believe that closed production systems with high security standards and rigorous risk assessment should be applied to avoid unintended impacts on humans and nature. Some respondents, however, are not convinced about the need to alter natural occurring algae strains to increase productivity, arguing that there is a huge unexplored variety, and that the consequences of using genome editing are still unknown. Conclusions This evaluation of the opinions held by European experts and stakeholders regarding GE algae biofuels provides valuable and differentiated insights, both for future research and for the development of feasible socio-technical algae systems for next generation biofuel production. The identified conditions and requirements for achieving public acceptability can support the (re-)design of this innovative technology and adaptation of the framework conditions towards the implementation of algae biofuels in Europe.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acceptability of genetically engineered algae biofuels in Europe: opinions of experts and stakeholders

Villarreal

Burgués

Rösch

2020

Biotechnol Biofuels

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“…Considering the increase in the sales of flex-fuel vehicles in the Brazilian market [38], the baseline volumetric compression ratio adopted in this research was representative of the average practiced in the national fleet, which is 11.5:1 [39]. The other higher CRs allow the engine optimization for greater blends of ethanol, especially with the use of direct injection systems due to some aspects that reduce knock tendencies, such as more precise fuel metering, lower COV of IMEP and internal charge cooling effect.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of combustion aspects with different compression ratios, fuel types and injection systems in a single-cylinder research engine

Malaquias

Netto

Costa

et al. 2020

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

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The growing commercialization of flex-fuel vehicles in Brazil demands the optimization of internal combustion engines for the operation with ethanol (E100) and gasohol (E22), in an attempt to reduce the fuel consumption and minimize the pollutant emissions into the atmosphere. In this sense, this work proposes the study of different volumetric compression ratios in a single-cylinder research engine in order to conclude about its fuel conversion efficiency and, in particular, a more detailed combustion investigation for two of the most common Brazilian fuels. Dynamometric bench tests were performed for distinct compression ratios, injection systems and fuel types, which demanded a specific piston design to meet the requirements for each combustion chamber configuration. The use of ethanol was the most suitable when compared to gasohol, especially at high load conditions, in which was observed a knock tendency for E22 but not for E100, due to its improved physicochemical properties, resulting in enhanced combustion aspects. The proposed methodology proved effective in allowing fuel conversion efficiency gains for the tested fuels, injection systems and piston designs when compared to the engine baseline operation, with up to 6.1% improvement when using the most appropriate compression ratio. Finally, the ethanol direct injection confirmed the potential of this Brazilian biofuel as one of the most promising renewable options for internal combustion engines in current and future sustainable energy directives. Keywords Compression ratio • Internal combustion engine • Fuel conversion efficiency • Ethanol • Flex-fuel Abbreviations ABDC After bottom dead center APMAX Angle of maximum pressure (°) ATDC After top dead center BBDC Before bottom dead center BMEP Brake mean effective pressure (bar) BTDC Before top dead center CA Crank angle CO 2 Carbon dioxide COV Covariance (%) CR Compression ratio DI Direct injection E100

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“…Beyond that, 65% of global electricity still comes from the burning of non-renewable fossil fuels. In addition, electric vehicles are only CO 2 -free if their electric power comes from renewable sources, which is also true for ICE vehicles fueled by biofuels, such as ethanol [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development Procedure for Performance Estimation and Main Dimensions Calculation of a Highly-Boosted Ethanol Engine with Water Injection

et al. 2022

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The management of the global energy resources has stimulated the emergence of various agreements in favor of the environment. Among the most famous are the Conference of Parties (COP) and Route 2030, which aim to limit global warming to 1.5 °C by reducing the energy consumption and global emission levels. In order to comply with the international standards for energy consumption and pollutant emissions, the Brazilian government has been promoting the expansion of biofuels in the national energy matrix. Considering this scenario, the development of a novel internal combustion engine for the exclusive use of ethanol as a fuel, equipped with state-of-the-art technologies and employing modern design concepts, consists of an innovative and promising pathway for future Brazilian mobility, from both environmental and technological outlooks. In this sense, this work presents a method to determine the main engine dimensions as part of the initial process for a new ethanol prototype engine development. The Brazilian biofuel was selected due to its physicochemical properties, which allow the engine to achieve higher loads, and also due to its large availability as a renewable energy source in the country. Furthermore, a port water injection system was fitted to the engine in order to assist the combustion process by mitigating the knock tendency. The predicted overall engine performance was obtained by carrying out a GT-PowerTM 1D-CFD simulation, whose results pointed to a maximum torque of 279 Nm from 2000 to 4000 rpm and an indicated peak power of 135 kW at 5500 rpm. With a maximum water-to-fuel ratio of 19.2%, the engine was able to perform its entire full load curve at the MBT condition, a fact that makes the WI approach along with the ethanol fuel a very attractive solution. As a result of the specific design and optimization of each geometric parameter for this unique ethanol engine, a maximum indicated fuel conversion efficiency of 45.3% was achieved. Moreover, the engine was capable of achieving over 40% of the indicated fuel conversion efficiency in almost its entire full load curve.

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The misleading total replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors and a study of the Brazilian ethanol importance for the sustainable future of mobility: a review

Cited by 46 publications

References 86 publications

Acceptability of genetically engineered algae biofuels in Europe: opinions of experts and stakeholders

Acceptability of genetically engineered algae biofuels in Europe: opinions of experts and stakeholders

An evaluation of combustion aspects with different compression ratios, fuel types and injection systems in a single-cylinder research engine

Development Procedure for Performance Estimation and Main Dimensions Calculation of a Highly-Boosted Ethanol Engine with Water Injection

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