The Microbiome and Irritable Bowel Syndrome – A Review on the Pathophysiology, Current Research and Future Therapy

Chong, Pei Pei; Chin, Voon Kin; Looi, Chung Yeng; Wong, Won Fen; Madhavan, Priya; Yong, Phelim Voon Chen

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01136

Cited by 233 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 214 publications

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“…Few studies have documented the link between IBS and fungal microbiota in the gut. Overall, the representation of fungi in healthy individuals is an insignificant proportion (~0.1%) of the entire microbiome as reported by various studies, with the three major fungal genera being Saccharomycyes, Candida, and Cladosporium [105]. An earlier study by Levine et al concluded that overgrowth of Candida species is associated with diarrhea symptom in patients receiving antibacterial therapy [106].…”

Section: Inflammatory Bowel Syndromes (Ibs)mentioning

confidence: 93%

Mycobiome in the Gut: A Multiperspective Review

Chin

Yong

Chong

et al. 2020

Mediators of Inflammation

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105

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Human gut is home to a diverse and complex microbial ecosystem encompassing bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and other microorganisms that have an undisputable role in maintaining good health for the host. Studies on the interplay between microbiota in the gut and various human diseases remain the key focus among many researchers. Nevertheless, advances in sequencing technologies and computational biology have helped us to identify a diversity of fungal community that reside in the gut known as the mycobiome. Although studies on gut mycobiome are still in its infancy, numerous sources have reported its potential role in host homeostasis and disease development. Nonetheless, the actual mechanism of its involvement remains largely unknown and underexplored. Thus, in this review, we attempt to discuss the recent advances in gut mycobiome research from multiple perspectives. This includes understanding the composition of fungal communities in the gut and the involvement of gut mycobiome in host immunity and gut-brain axis. Further, we also discuss on multibiome interactions in the gut with emphasis on fungi-bacteria interaction and the influence of diet in shaping gut mycobiome composition. This review also highlights the relation between fungal metabolites and gut mycobiota in human homeostasis and the role of gut mycobiome in various human diseases. This multiperspective review on gut mycobiome could perhaps shed new light for future studies in the mycobiome research area.

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Section: Inflammatory Bowel Syndromes (Ibs)mentioning

confidence: 93%

Mycobiome in the Gut: A Multiperspective Review

Chin

Yong

Chong

et al. 2020

Mediators of Inflammation

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105

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“…has been postulated that enteric infections, immunomodulation, visceral hypersensitivity and an imbalance in neurotransmitters may all play a role in the development of IBS. [10][11][12] Importantly, alterations in the gut microbiota can induce changes in gut motility, permeability, food processing and visceral perception which eventually leads to the occurrence of IBS-related symptoms. 13,14 Multiple studies have shown that IBS patients experience bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine or altered GI microbes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Asha¹,

Khalil

2020

Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J

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Treatments that target alterations in gut microbiota may be beneficial for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Factors considered in the analysis included global IBS symptoms and/or abdominal pain, secondary symptoms and the frequency of adverse events. A total of 33 RCTs involving 4,321 patients were identified. Overall, probiotics significantly improved global IBS symptoms compared to placebos (standardised mean difference = −0.32, 95% confidence interval: −0.48 to −0.15; P <0.001), with significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 72%; P <0.001). This remained apparent in both single- and multi-strain probiotic interventions as well as synbiotic formulations. However, evidence regarding prebiotics was scarce. There were no significant inter-group differences in terms of the frequency of adverse events. Future RCTs should address methodological limitations, including short follow-up periods and patient adherence.Keywords: Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Dietary Supplements; Probiotics; Prebiotics; Synbiotics; Meta-Analysis; Systematic Review.

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“…The gut microbiota is defined as the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses) colonizing the gastrointestinal tract [1,2]. The number and type of microorganisms differ along the gastrointestinal tract, with their distribution being determined by pH, oxygen and nutrient availability, digestive flow rates, and secreted enzymes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

You Are What You Eat—The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders—A Review

2020

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The gut microbiota (GM) is defined as the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses) colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. GM regulates various metabolic pathways in the host, including those involved in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. The relationship between alterations in intestinal microbiota and diseases associated with civilization is well documented. GM dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders. Multiple factors modulate the composition of the microbiota and how it physically functions, but one of the major factors triggering GM establishment is diet. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about the relationship between nutrition, gut microbiota, and host metabolic status. We described how macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fat) and different dietary patterns (e.g., Western-style diet, vegetarian diet, Mediterranean diet) interact with the composition and activity of GM, and how gut bacterial dysbiosis has an influence on metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.

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The Microbiome and Irritable Bowel Syndrome – A Review on the Pathophysiology, Current Research and Future Therapy

Cited by 233 publications

References 214 publications

Mycobiome in the Gut: A Multiperspective Review

Mycobiome in the Gut: A Multiperspective Review

Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

You Are What You Eat—The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders—A Review

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