“…These adaptations depend on the chronic activation or inhibition of various intracellular signaling pathways, which result in altered skeletal muscle gene expression (2,31). Intracellular signaling molecules such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), calcineurin (CN), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), silent mating type information regulator 2 homologue 1 (SIRT1), PPARβ and tumor suppressor protein p53 play a role in remodelling skeletal muscle toward a slower, more oxidative phenotype (16,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25). In contrast, receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1), and Baf60c have been shown to promote faster, more glycolytic characteristics (26,27,28,29,32).…”