“…CREB activates the expression of the immediate-early genes (IEGs) c-fos and Arc in an activity-and learning-dependent manner (Sheng et al, 1990;Abraham et al, 1993;Worley et al, 1993;Guzowski et al, 1999;Montag-Sallaz et al, 1999;Guthrie et al, 2000;Kaczmarek and Robertson, 2002;Kawashima et al, 2009). Importantly, abundant studies have shown that brain regions showing learning-induced IEG expression play essential roles in gene-expression-dependent memory processes including consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction (Morrow et al, 1999;Santini et al, 2004;Mamiya et al, 2009;Fukushima et al, 2014). Therefore, the expression of IEGs has been widely accepted as a marker to identify brain regions that are activated in response to learning or memory retrieval (Guzowski et al, 2001;Frankland et al, 2004;Frankland et al, 2006;Mamiya et al, 2009;Fukushima et al, 2014).…”