The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents

Cruz, Martha L.; Goran, Michael I.

doi:10.1007/s11892-004-0012-x

Cited by 254 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Pre-puberty, insulin and leptin concentrations also predicted positively the MS. In the Young Finns Study [29], baseline insulin was higher in children who subsequently developed MS. IR is an important pathophysiologic event contributing to MS, becoming even more important than overall adiposity in the development of this syndrome [5]. Both insulin and IR are increased during puberty [13], however pre-puberty showed to be a positive predictor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increases in body mass index (BMI) during childhood may be related to the development and acceleration of adverse cardiometabolic risk factors [8], such as hypertension, dyslipidemia (high triglycerides (TG)) and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance, known as the metabolic syndrome (MS) [5]. This condition increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes [5]. MS is rapidly increasing in prevalence with rising childhood obesity and sedentary lifestyles worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic syndrome, adipokines and ghrelin in overweight and obese schoolchildren: results of a 1-year lifestyle intervention programme

Pedrosa

Oliveira

Albuquerque³

et al. 2010

Eur J Pediatr

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a lifestyle intervention programme (nutrition and exercise counselling) on metabolic syndrome (MS) components, adipokines (leptin, adiponectin) and ghrelin levels in overweight children. A total of 61 overweight children aged 7-9 years (≥ 85th body mass index (BMI) percentile; 27 boys/34 girls) were randomly assigned and completed a 1-year individual (IT) or group-based treatment (GT). Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were assessed at baseline, at 6 months and at 1 year. Twenty-two normal weight children (<85th BMI percentile; 7-9 years old; 13 boys/nine girls) were also evaluated at baseline. Insulin resistance (IR) was determined by the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). Overweight children presented significantly higher blood pressure, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, insulin, HOMA-IR, leptin, C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels, while apolipoprotein A-I was significantly lower. At baseline, MS was present in ten overweight children, of which only five maintained it at 1 year. Leptin and ghrelin levels were associated with IR and MS components. MS was predicted by apolipoprotein A-I, insulin and pre-puberty. The lifestyle intervention led to a significant improvement in standard deviation score of BMI, waist circumference/height ratio and lipid profile. Changes in insulin, HOMA-IR, leptin and adiponectin were not significant. Ghrelin behaved differently between IT and GT. The GT intervention seems to be more successful, with a decrease in BMI Z-score and an improvement of metabolic parameters. In conclusion, overweight children have multiple risk factors associated with MS. A lifestyle intervention programme seems to be an effective mean for reducing obesity and MS components and improving adipokines concentrations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic syndrome, adipokines and ghrelin in overweight and obese schoolchildren: results of a 1-year lifestyle intervention programme

Pedrosa

Oliveira

Albuquerque³

et al. 2010

Eur J Pediatr

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“…Literature shows conflicting data on this topic with some pointing to a male predominance [8], while others were no able to show this trend [10]. It has been described a higher prevalence of MS among Caucasians when compared to the Black adult [13] and adolescent [9] US population. We could not confirm these findings in our sample maybe because only 13% of the studied population was non-Caucasian.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is in part related to the absence of a consensus definition that would allow clear inclusion criteria for long-term prospective studies. Nevertheless, there seems to be an increased risk of adult cardiovascular disease in children diagnosed with MS [25,26] and an increasing evidence that early detection and intervention targeted at weight management and treatment of the specific metabolic risk factors should have a significant impact on future adult health [9,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a Portuguese obese adolescent population according to three different definitions

Braga-Tavares

Fonseca

2010

Eur J Pediatr

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In order to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in a Portuguese pediatric overweight population according to three different sets of criteria, 237 overweight and obese adolescents were evaluated at engagement in a specific multidisciplinary program. Two of the used definitions were based on the National Cholesterol Education Program (ATPIII) guidelines modified for pediatric age and were proposed by Cook et al. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157(8):821-827, 2003) and de Ferranti et al. (Circulation 110(16):2494-2497, 2004). The third definition used resulted from a consensus of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF 2005). All of them include five components: waist circumference, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose values, with different cut-off points. Of the studied sample, 53% were girls, median age 13.4 years, 89% classified as obese, and the remaining as overweight. MS prevalence was 15.6%, 34.9%, and 8.9% according to Cook's, de Ferranti's, and IDF definitions, respectively. No adolescent fulfilled the five MS criteria, and only three (1.2%), 15 (6%), and 13 (5.1%) had no criteria at all, according to the three definitions used. Waist circumference was the most prevalent component (89.5%, 98.7%, and 93.2%), and high fasting glucose the least (1.3% for the two first and 2.5% according to the IDF definition). A significant correlation between increased body mass index and MS was found, using the two first definitions (Cook et al. p < 0.05; de Ferranti et al. p < 0.01), but not when using the third one. Considerable prevalence differences were found using three different MS criteria. It is urgent to establish a consensus on MS definition to allow early identification of adolescents at risk and the development of prospective studies to define what cut-offs are the best indicators of future morbidity.

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“…Components of MetS have been confirmed in children and adults 6) . Although MetS occurs less often in children, several studies have established a prevalence of MetS in approximately 3.0%-4.0% of children and adolescents [7][8][9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Tracking of clustered metabolic syndrome risk factor in Japanese children: 3-year follow-up study

Sasayama

Adachi

2017

JPFSM

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the tracking of clustered metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factor taking into account fatness and aerobic fitness from childhood to adolescence in Japanese children. This cohort study included 113 participants (47 boys and 66 girls) who were measured for MetS risk factors at 10 years and 13 years of age. Clustered MetS risk factors (MetS risk score) were calculated from the total gender-specific values (zscores) of the following five parameters: waist to height ratio (W/H), predictedtriglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and mean arterial pressure. The tracking coefficient of MetS risk score from childhood to adolescence was 0.647 (p < 0.001). Correlation coefficients of MetS risk scores (without W/H) between 10 and 13 years of age in the high W/H group (r = 0.713, p < 0.001) were higher than those in the low W/H group (r = 0.402, p < 0.01) In addition, correlation coefficients of MetS risk scores (without pV ・ O2peak) between 10 and 13 years of age in the low pV ・ O2peak (r = 0.630, p < 0.001) were higher than those in the high pV ・ O2peak (r = 0.452, p < 0.01). In conclusion, we found that MetS risk was stable from childhood to adolescence in Japanese children. Furthermore, our results show that both fatness and fitness are crucial for tracking MetS risk.

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The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents

Cited by 254 publications

References 60 publications

Metabolic syndrome, adipokines and ghrelin in overweight and obese schoolchildren: results of a 1-year lifestyle intervention programme

Metabolic syndrome, adipokines and ghrelin in overweight and obese schoolchildren: results of a 1-year lifestyle intervention programme

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a Portuguese obese adolescent population according to three different definitions

Tracking of clustered metabolic syndrome risk factor in Japanese children: 3-year follow-up study

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